Activity 2: What is common in the

picture?
UNIT III– CARBON
COMPOUNDS
 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Explain how the structure of carbon atom affects the types of

bonds it forms. (S9MT-IIg-17)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After the lesson, you are expected to:
Define what carbon compounds are.
Recognize the uses of common organic compounds.
Observe the properties of common organic compounds.
 Relate the properties of common organic compounds to their
uses.
 Explain how the structure of carbon atoms affects the types of
bond it forms.
 Activity 2: The Structure of the
Carbon Atom
How well do you know the carbon atom? Give the following data about the
carbon atom.
1.Atomic Number
2.Number of protons
3.Number of electrons
4.Electronic configuration
5.Number of valence electrons
6.Number of electrons that it needs to share with to become stable
7.Kind of bonds it can form
 Lesson 1: Properties of Carbon

• Because of its unique ability to

combine in many ways with itself and
other elements, carbon has a central
role in the chemistry of living
organisms
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
•Carbon atoms can form single, double or triple
bonds with other carbon atoms.
•Tetravalency- the property of carbon that can
form single, double or triple bond.
•Carbon can form up to 4 bonds
•This allows carbon atoms to form long chains,
almost unlimited in length.
•Carbon can bond with other carbons, form
straight chains, branched chains and rings
 The Chemistry of Carbon
• “organic”: must contain at least one carbon. CH 4 = simplest organic molecule

• Carbon has 4 valence electrons

• Therefore, carbon will always make 4 bonds with other atoms
• Ability to form millions of different compounds with other elements
 Forms of Pure Carbon
• Diamond, graphite, fullerenes and
nanotubes are four forms of the element
carbon
1. Diamond – crystalline form of carbon in
which each carbon atom is bonded
strongly to four other carbon atoms
• Formed from high temps and pressure
• Melting point is more than 3500 C
Can be made artificially and are used in industry as cutting tools
 Forms of Pure Carbon
2. Graphite – each carbon atom is bonded tightly to
three other carbon atoms in flat layers
• Bonds are very weak
• “Lead” in pencils is mostly graphite
• Used as a lubricant in machines
 Forms of Pure Carbon
3. Fullerenes – consists of carbon atoms
arranged in the shape of a hollow sphere
• Called buckyballs after an architect

4. Nanotube – carbon atoms are arranged in

the shape of a long hollow cylinder
• Tiny, light, flexible and extremely strong
• Good conductors of heat and electricity.
 Lesson 2: Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
• Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of
melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity and
solubility
• Many are gases at room temperature
• Many have a strong odor
• Many do not dissolve in water
 Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbon – compound that contains
only the elements carbon and hydrogen
• Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water
• All hydrocarbons are flammable; CH4 (methane), C2H6 (ethane), C3H8
(propane)
 Structure of Hydrocarbons
• The carbon chains in the hydrocarbon may be straight,
branched or ring-shaped
• Structural formula – shows the kind, number and
arrangement of atoms in a molecule
• Isomer – compounds that have the same chemical formula
but different structural formulas which makes them have
different properties

C4H10
 Structure of Hydrocarbons
1. Saturated hydrocarbons – only single bonds, has
maximum number a hydrogen atoms attached
2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons – has double or triple
bonds, have fewer hydrogen than saturated
hydrocarbons
 Structure of Hydrocarbons

• Substituted hydrocarbon – atoms of other elements replace one or more

hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon
• Include halogen-containing compounds, alcohols, and organic compounds

• Alcohol – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl groups

• hydroxyl group –OH
• Alcohols dissolve well in water,
have higher boiling points than other
Hydrocarbons with similar numbers of
carbon
• Organic acid – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains
one or more carboxyl groups
• Example: citric acid (lemons) acetic acid (vinegar),
malic acid (apples), butyric acid (butter)

• carboxyl group –COOH

• Ester – compound made by chemically combining an
alcohol and an organic acid
• Have pleasant, fruity smells
• Responsible for smells of pineapple, bananas,
strawberries
 Lesson 3– Life with Carbon
There are 4 classes of organic compounds required by all living things
called macromolecules.
Foods provide these organic compounds which cells of living things use,
change, and store
These 4 classes are nutrients-substances that provide the energy and
raw materials the body needs to grow, repair worn parts, and function
properly.
 The Four Macromolecules of Life
Macromolecule (polymer) made by joining many monomers (single unit)
Polymerization: chemical rxn which joins monomers to make polymers

The four main classes of biological molecules:

1. Carbohydrates (sugar, starches, cellulose)
2. Lipids (wax, fats, oils, steroids)
3. Proteins (muscle, hair, hormones, enzymes)
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
 Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrate – an energy-rich organic compound made of

the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Simple carbohydrate – the simplest carbs are sugars (glucose
is in your body – C6H12O6)
• Complex carbohydrate – a polymer made of smaller
molecules that are simple carbs bonded to one another
CARBOHYDRATES: Monomer = Monosaccharide
•Contain C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
•Most end with “ose”
•An animal’s main energy source
•Carbs are burned first in the body
•Monosaccharides: (C6H12O6):
glucose, fructose, galactose
•Disaccharides:
sucrose, lactose, maltose
•Polysaccharides: (complex carbohydrates)
• A) glycogen (carb storage animal liver)
• B) starch (carb storage in plants)
• C) cellulose (cell walls, cotton) “roughage”
• D) chitin (exoskeletons of arthropods)
 Proteins
• Proteins – formed from smaller
molecules called amino acids
• Amino acid – a monomer that is a
building block of proteins
• Each amino acid molecule has a
carboxyl group (–COOH) and an amino
group (–NH3)
• The body uses proteins from food to
build and repair body parts and to
regulate cell activities
PROTEINS: Monomer = Amino Acid
• essential to the structures and
activities of life
• Contain C, H, O, N (S, P)
• 50% of your dry weight
• examples of groups of proteins:
1. enzymes (amylase, sucrase,
maltase, lactase)
2. structural (collagen, elastin)
3. contractile (actin, myosin)
4. transport (hemoglobin, protein
channels)
5. hormones (insulin)
AMINO ACID: Structure
Each amino acid has:
•An amino group (-NH2)
•A carboxyl group (COOH)
•An R group, which distinguishes
each of the 20 different amino
acids

* Each amino acid has

specific properties
based on the R-group

* Peptide bonds link

amino acids together
 polypeptide
(protein)
 Lipids
• Lipids – energy-rich compounds made of carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen
• Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and cholesterol

• Gram for gram, lipids release twice as much energy in your

body as do carbohydrates

 Fatty acids – organic

compound that is a monomer
of a fat or oil
 Cholesterol – a waxy lipid in
animal cells
 LIPIDS: Monomer = Fatty Acids
* Mostly C and H atoms linked by
nonpolar covalent bonds
* reserve energy-storage molecules
(burned after carbs are gone)
* Insoluble in water (polar)
* Soluble in nonpolar solvents (ether)
* More energy in lipids than in carbs
- 9 cal/g Lipid vs. 4 cal/g Carb
* Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids,
steroids (cholesterol), waxes, oils, fats
* Triglyceride = 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
* Saturated Fats: all single bonds in chain
- solid at room temp (ex: butter, lard)
* Unsaturated fats: one or more C=C bond in chain
- liquid at room temp (ex: all oils)
 Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids – very large organic molecules made up of
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
• Two types – DNA and RNA
• Elements that make up all living things…
• C – Carbon
• H – Hydrogen
• N – Nitrogen
• O – Oxygen
• P – Phosphorus
• S – Sulfur
 NUCLEIC ACIDS: Monomer = Nucleotide
• Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information
• DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA = Ribonucleic acid
• Large macromolecules containing C, H, O, N, P
• One nucleotide = 5-carbon sugar, phosphate (PO 4-), nitrogenous base

The sugars and phosphates are

the backbone for the nucleic
acid
DNA’s sugar = deoxyribose
RNA’s sugar = ribose
 Other Compounds in Foods

• Vitamins-organic compounds that serve as

helper molecules in a variety of chemical
reactions in your body.
• Minerals-elements in the form of ions in your
body.
• Water-makes up most of your body’s fluids.