General Knowledge for

Laboratory Tests

Present by
Htet Hsu Wint Wint
Head of Laboratories
Mandalar Hospital
  Urine  Stool
 Blood

 Body Fluid

 Sputum
 Biopsy

 Semen
For Diabetes ဆီးချို ရောဂါ

Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or

blood sugar, levels are too high :
 FBS – Fasting Blood Sugar
 Fasting (total hours – minimum (10 hours) &
maximum (12) hours)
 RBS – Random Blood Sugar
 Glucose 2HPP (2-hour post prandial) >>>> FBS, 2
hours after meal (start @ first bite)
 Blood Ketone
Ketones are substances that your body makes if your cells don't get enough glucose (blood sugar)
(0.6 mmol/L)
 HbA1c
A hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test measures the amount of blood sugar (glucose) attached to hemoglobin.
An HbA1c test shows what the average amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin has been over the past
three months. It's a three-month average because that's typically how long a red blood cell lives.

သုံ လအတွင်ပျမ်မျှအချိုဓတ်စစ်ဆေခြင်
ပျ
မ်း
မျှ
အ ချိုဓာတ်စစ် ဆေးခြ င်း
Lipid Profile အဆီဓာတ်
•A lipid panel is a blood test that measures the amount of certain fat molecules called lipids in your blood
 Total Cholesterol
 TG (Triglyceride)
 HDL (High density Lipoprotein)
 LDL (Low density Lipoprotein)
Liver Profile အသည်းရဲ့ စွမ်းဆောင်ရည် စစ်ဆေးခြင်း
Liver function tests are blood tests used to help diagnose and monitor liver
disease or damage.
Some of these tests measure how well the liver is performing its normal
functions of producing protein and clearing bilirubin, a blood waste product.

•Liver Function Test (LFT) (ALP, ALT, AST, Total Bilirubin)

ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)
•ALT (Alanine transaminase)
•AST (Aspartate transaminase)
•Bilirubin (Direct)
•Serum Bilirubin / Total Bilirubin
•GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transferase)
•LDH (L-lactate dehydrogenase)
•T&DP
•Total Protein
•Albumin
•Globulin
Renal Profile ကျောက်ကပ် လု ပ်ဆောင်ချက်စစ်ဆေးခြင်း
If the kidneys are not functioning properly, waste products can accumulate in
the blood and fluid levels can increase to dangerous volumes, causing damage
to the body or a potentially life-threatening situation.
Numerous conditions and diseases can result in damage to the kidneys.
The most common causes of and main risk factors for kidney disease are
diabetes and hypertension.

Urea
•Creatinine
•Electrolyte (Na+, K+, CL-, HCO3-)
•Sodium (Na+)
•Potassium (K+)
•Chloride (CL-)
•Bicarbonate (Total CO2)
•BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)
•Creatinine eGFR (Glomerular filtration rate)
•Phosphorus (PO4-)
•Calcium (Ca++)
•Magnesium
Cardiac Profile
နှ လုံ းနှ င့်ပတ်သက်၍ စစ်ဆေးခြင်း

Cardiac biomarkers are substances that are released into the

blood when the heart is damaged or stressed.

•CK
•CK-MB
•CRP
•Hs CRP
•Troponin I
•NT-pro BNP
•Troponin T hs
 Hematology test သွေးဗေဓ ဆို င်ရာစစ်ဆေးခြင်း
Hematology involves the study of the blood, in particular how blood can affect overall
health or disease.
Hematology tests include tests on the blood, blood proteins and blood-producing
organs.
These tests can evaluate a variety of blood conditions including infection, anemia,
သွေဖြူဥ inflammation, hemophilia, blood-clotting disorders, leukemia and the body’s response
to chemotherapy treatments.
သွေနီဥ
 Hemogram
သွေဥမွှ  Hemoglobin % (Hb%)
 PCV (Packed Cell Volume) >>> It is used to diagnose anemia, polycythemia or
dehydration in patients.
 G6PD (Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase) >>> an enzyme that helps red blood
cells work properly
 ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
 Retic Count (Reticulocyte count) >>> immature red blood cells., made in the bone
marrow and sent into the bloodstream. About two days after they form, they
develop into mature red blood cells
 Blood Grouping (ABO & Rh)
 Coomb’s Test >>> looks for antibodies that may stick to your red blood
cells and cause red blood cells to die too early.
There are two types of the Coombs test:
Direct
used to detect antibodies that are stuck to the surface of red blood cells.
Indirect
looks for antibodies that are floating in the blood.
 Platelet Count >>> responsible for causing the blood to clot
 CD 4 >>> CD4 count is used to check the health of the immune system in
people infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).

သွေအနည်ရေဂ
Iron Study (Iron, Ferritin, TIBC)

 Iron , which measures the amount of iron in the blood

 Transferrin test, which measures transferrin, a protein that moves iron throughout the body

 Ferritin , which measures how much iron is stored in the body

 TIBC , which measures how well iron attaches to transferrin and other proteins in the blood
Coagulation Studies သွေးခဲနှုန်းတို င်းတာခြင်း
Coagulation studies are a group of hematologic studies that reflect
the function of blood vessels, platelets, and coagulation factors,
which all work in harmony to achieve hemostasis.
•INR (coagu check)
•OSPT (INR)
•APTT
•Factor VIII
•Factor IX
•Fibrinogen
•D-Dimer
•BT CT
Others
မု န်.ချိုအိတ် ရေင်ရမ်ခြင်
 Amylase – to diagnose problems with your pancreas, including pancreatitis, which is an inflammation of the
pancreas , the most common causes are alcohol abuse and lumps of solid material (gallstones) in the gallbladder.
 Vitamin D – Determine if bone weakness,
bone malformation, or abnormal metabolism of
calcium (reflected by abnormal calcium,
phosphorus, PTH) is occurring as a result of a
deficiency or excess of vitamin D )

အရို ပွရေဂ
 Fecal Immunochemical Test
( stool FIT ) – to test blood in stool
ဝမ်တွင်သွေပ , မပ စစ်ဆေခြင်

 Uric acid– High levels of uric acid can

sometimes cause gout or kidney disease.

အဆစ်အမြစ်ယေင် Goutရေဂ
 Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) test အဆစ်ယေင်အဖျရေဂ
အ ဖျား
ရောဂါ
- is usually used to diagnose group A streptococcal infection-
related diseases, such as rheumatic fever, reactive arthritis,
and various infectious diseases.

ပို လေဘက်န
Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) နတရှ
အ ဆည်အဆစ်ရေင်ကို
စ်
ရောင်က် က်
ကို
ရေဂ / သွေလေဘက်န
It is a protein made by your immune system.
High levels of RF in your blood indicate that you may have
an autoimmune disease such as RA or Sjogren's syndrome.

 RA ( Qualitative)
 RA ( Quantitative)
 Anti CCP
Autoimmune Diagnosis အရေပြ လေဘက်န
Autoimmune disease happens when the body's natural
defense system can't tell the difference between your own
cells and foreign cells, causing the body to mistakenly
attack normal cells :

•ANF
•ANA ( Titer)
•ENA ( 23 parameter)
Biological markers used in the ရေဂပို ဝင်ခြင်
diagnosis of severe infections

• CRP
• Procalcitonin ( PCT )

Infections that lead to sepsis most often

start in the lung, urinary tract, skin, or
gastrointestinal tract.
Without timely treatment, sepsis can
rapidly lead to tissue damage, organ
failure, and death.

ရေင်ရမ်ခြင် inflammation
Culture & Susceptibility ပို မွေ၍ပို
ပိုး
သ တ် သတ်ဆေစမ်သပ်ပေခြင်
ဆေးစမ်း
သ ပ်
ပေး ခြင်း
A culture is a test to find germs (such as bacteria or a
fungus) that can cause an infection. A sensitivity test checks
to see what kind of medicine, such as an antibiotic, will
work best to treat the illness or infection.
 Blood C&S
 Stool C&S
 Urine C&S
 Swab C&S
 Pus C&S
 Sputum C&S
 Vaginal Swab C&S
 Hand Swab C&S
 Nasal Swab C&S
 Throat Swab C&S
 Fluid C&S
 အသည်ရေင်အသဝ
အ သားဝါ B ပို စစ်ဆေခြင်
 HBsAg (Quantitative)
 HBsAg (Qualitative)
 HBV profile

အသည်ရေင်အသဝ
အ သားဝါ C ပို စစ်ဆေခြင်
 HCV Ab (Qualitative)
 HCV Ab (Quantitative)

အသည်ရေင်အသဝ
အ သားဝါ A ပို စစ်ဆေခြင်
 HAV (Qualitative)

ခု ခံ အကျဆင်မှုရေဂစစ်ဆေခြင်
ရောဂါစစ် ဆေးခြင်း
 HIV I & II Ab (Quantitative) Test / HIV Combo Assay
ကလသရေဂစစ်ဆေခြင်
စစ်ဆေးခြ င်း
 Syphilis Ab Test (VDRL)
 RPR ( Rapid Plasma Regain Test )
 TPHA ( Treponema Pallidum Heme agglutination Test )

သွေလွန်တု
စစ်ဆေးပ်ကွေရေဂစစ်ဆေခြင်
ခြင်း
 Dengue Duo

အူ ယေင်ငန်ဖျရေဂစစ်ဆေခြင်
စစ်ဆေးခြ င်း / တို က်ဖွိုက်
 Widal Test
Leptospiral Ab Test
တီဘီ ရေဂစစ်ဆေခြင်
စစ်ဆေးခြင်း
 TB (ICT)
 Sputum AFB *3Days (Acid Fast Bacilli)
 Pus for AFB (Acid Fast Bacilli)
 Fluid For AFB

ဆင်ခြေထေက်ရေဂစစ်ဆေခြင်
စစ်ဆေးခြင်း
 MF (ICT)
 MF (Film)

အစအိမ်ပို
စစ်ဆေး စစ်ဆေခြင်
ခြ
င်း
 Stool H. pylori Ag
 Serum H. pylori Ab Test
ငှ က်ဖျားရောဂါ စစ်ဆေးခြင်း
 MP (ICT)
 MP (Film)
Tumor Marker Testsကင်ဆရေဂစစ်ဆေခြင်
စစ်
ဆေးခြင်း
PSA (Total)
 Ca 125 သအိမ်
 PSA (Free)
 Ca153 ရင်သ ဆီကျိတ်
 PSA Profile / Free Total PSA Ratio
Ca 199
အစအိမ်နှ
နှ
င့်
အူ င့်အူ လမ်ကြေင်
လ မ်းကြော င်း
 AFP
အသဲကင်ဆ စစ်ဆေခြင်
 CEA
 FSH  Testosterone
 Prolactin
 LH မ , ဟေမု န် ကျဟေမု န်
 BhcG ( beta hcg test )
 Estradiol

 Progesterone
သု တ်ရည်စစ်ဆေခြင်

 Semen Analysis

ဆီပူ ညေင်ကျရေဂ
 GC smear ( Gono cocci )

 Skin Scrapping
မကို
စယ်ပို
ပိုး စ်
ဆေး စစ်ဆေခြင်
ခြ
င်း
 Swab for Bacterial Vaginosis  Cortisol
 ACTH
Thyroid Disorders
 TFT (Total)
 TFT (Free)
 Total T3
 Total T4 သွိုင်ရွိုက်ဟေမု န်

 TSH
 Free T3
 Free T4
 Anti TSHr
 Anti TPO
လည်ပင်ကြီဟေမု
ဆေးန်စစ်ဆေခြင်
စစ် ခြ
င်း
 iPTH (intact parathyroid hormone)
 ဝမ်,စစ်ခြင်

 Stool REME
 Stool for Occult Blood Stool for reducing Sugar
 Urine RE / Urine Analysis
 Urine for micro albumin
 Urine Ketone ဆီ,စစ်ခြင်
 24 Hour Urine Protein
 Urine Protein Creatinine Ratio (Urine PCR)
 Urine Albumin Creatinine Ration (Urine ACR)
 Urine Pregnancy Test (Urine UCG)
  LBC ( Liquid Base Cytology )
သအိမ်ခေင်စစ်ဆေခြင်
စစ်ဆေးခြ င်း

ကင်ဆ ဆဲလ် ရှ ဖွေခြင်

 Pap smear

အိမ်ခေင်စစ်ဆေခြင်
စစ်ဆေးခြ င်း  Biopsy

အသစစစ်ဆေခြင်
စစ်ဆေးခြင်း
  Bone Marrow Examination

ရို တွင်ခြင်ဆီဖေက်စစ်ဆေခြင်
ဖော က်စစ်ဆေးခြင်း

ကင်ဆ ဆဲလ် ရှ ဖွေခြင်

 FNAC ( Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology)

 Fluid Cytology/REME
ကြွက်သအပျေရေဂ(Myasthenia_Gravis)

ရေဂဖြစ်ရခြင်မှ ကြွက်သနှ င့်အရုံ ကြေမျဆက်သွယ်ထသည့်အက်စီတို င်ကို လင်ရီ စက်တပျက်စီ၍ကြွက်သအပျေရ

ခြင်ဖြစ်ပတယ်.

မျက်စိတစ်ဖက်ဖွင့်ရန်ခက်ခဲခြင်
အစ/ဆေမြိုရန်ခက်ခဲခြင်နှ င့်
ကြွက်သမျအလု ပ်လု ပ်ရတွင်ခက်ခဲခြင်တို့ကိူ ဖြစ်စေပတယ်.

အေတို အင်မြူရေဂဖြစ်ပတယ်.