Internal Sports Injuries

Concussion
 In this stage there is a momentary loss of functions of the
brain.

 Symptoms :
1. Gradual loss of the consciousness
2. Severe headache in the beginning
3. Paralysis of one part of the outset and then the whole
body
4. Pulse will be slow
5. Blood pressure goes on rising
6. Respiration is slow and deep.
Management
 Put the patient to the rest.
 Give him fresh air
 Ifthe person does not come to
consciousness shift him to hospital
 Shin splints
 The term "shin splints" refers to pain along the shin bone
(tibia) — the large bone in the front of your lower leg.
Shin splints are common in runners, dancers and military
recruits.
 Medically known as medial tibial stress syndrome, shin
splints often occur in athletes who have recently
intensified or changed their training routines. The
increased activity overworks the muscles, tendons and
bone tissue.
 Most cases of shin splints can be treated with rest, ice
and other self-care measures. Wearing proper footwear
and modifying your exercise routine can help prevent
shin splints from recurring.
 Symptoms and Causes
 Ifyou have shin splints, you might notice
tenderness, soreness or pain along the inner
side of your shinbone and mild swelling in
your lower leg. At first, the pain might stop
when you stop exercising. Eventually,
however, the pain can be continuous and
might progress to a stress reaction or stress
fracture.
 Shin splints are caused by repetitive stress on
the shinbone and the connective tissues that
attach your muscles to the bone.
Prevention
 Analyze your movement. A formal video analysis of your running
technique can help to identify movement patterns that can contribute
to shin splints. In many cases, a slight change in your running can help
decrease your risk.
 Avoid overdoing. Too much running or other high-impact activity
performed for too long at too high an intensity can overload the shins.
 Choose the right shoes. If you're a runner, replace your shoes about
every 350 to 500 miles (560 to 800 kilometers).
 Consider arch supports. Arch supports can help prevent the pain of
shin splints, especially if you have flat arches.
 Consider shock-absorbing insoles. They might reduce shin splint
symptoms and prevent recurrence.
 Lessen the impact. Cross-train with a sport that places less impact on
your shins, such as swimming, walking or biking. Remember to start
new activities slowly. Increase time and intensity gradually.
 Add strength training to your workout. Exercises to strengthen and
stabilize your legs, ankles, hips and core can help prepare your legs to
deal with high-impact sports.
Treatment
 In most cases, you can treat shin splints with simple self-
care steps:
 Rest. Avoid activities that cause pain, swelling or
discomfort — but don't give up all physical activity. While
you're healing, try low-impact exercises, such as
swimming, bicycling or water running.
 Ice. Apply ice packs to the affected shin for 15 to 20
minutes at a time, four to eight times a day for several
days. To protect your skin, wrap the ice packs in a thin
towel.
 Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. Try ibuprofen
(Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or
acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) to reduce pain.
FROZEN SHOULDERS
 Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive
capsulitis, is a condition characterized by
stiffness and pain in your shoulder joint. Signs
and symptoms typically begin gradually, worsen
over time and then resolve, usually within one to
three years.
 Your risk of developing frozen shoulder increases
if you're recovering from a medical condition or
procedure that prevents you from moving your
arm — such as a stroke or a mastectomy.
Symptoms

 Freezing stage. Any movement of your shoulder

causes pain, and your shoulder's range of motion starts
to become limited.
 Frozen stage. Pain may begin to diminish during this
stage. However, your shoulder becomes stiffer, and
using it becomes more difficult.
 Thawing stage. The range of motion in your shoulder
begins to improve.
 For some people, the pain worsens at night,
sometimes disrupting sleep.
 Causes
 The bones, ligaments and tendons that make up
your shoulder joint are encased in a capsule of
connective tissue. Frozen shoulder occurs when
this capsule thickens and tightens around the
shoulder joint, restricting its movement.
 Doctors aren't sure why this happens to some
people, although it's more likely to occur in
people who have diabetes or those who recently
had to immobilize their shoulder for a long
period, such as after surgery or an arm fracture
 PEOPLE AT RISK
Age and sex
 People 40 and older, particularly women, are more likely to have
frozen shoulder.
Immobility or reduced mobility
1. Rotator cuff injury
2. Broken arm
3. Stroke
4. Recovery from surgery
Systemic diseases
 Diseases that might increase risk include:
1. Diabetes
2. Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)
3. Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)
4. Cardiovascular disease
5. Tuberculosis
Prevention

 One of the most common causes of frozen

shoulder is the immobility that may result during
recovery from a shoulder injury, broken arm or a
stroke. If you've had an injury that makes it
difficult to move your shoulder, talk to your
doctor about exercises you can do to maintain
the range of motion in your shoulder joint.
 Treatment
Shoulder exercises
 Most frozen shoulder treatment involves controlling shoulder pain
and preserving as much range of motion in the shoulder as
possible.
Medications
 Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as aspirin and ibuprofen
(Advil, Motrin IB, others), can help reduce pain and inflammation
associated with frozen shoulder. In some cases, your doctor may
prescribe stronger pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Therapy
 A physical therapist can teach you range-of-motion exercises to
help recover as much mobility in your shoulder as possible. Your
commitment to doing these exercises is important to optimize
recovery of your mobility.
 Surgical and other procedures
 Most frozen shoulders get better on their own within 12 to 18
months. For persistent symptoms, your doctor may suggest:
 Steroid injections. Injecting corticosteroids into your shoulder
joint may help decrease pain and improve shoulder mobility,
especially in the early stages of the process.
 Joint distension. Injecting sterile water into the joint capsule
can help stretch the tissue and make it easier to move the joint.
 Shoulder manipulation. In this procedure, you receive a general
anesthetic, so you'll be unconscious and feel no pain. Then the
doctor moves your shoulder joint in different directions, to help
loosen the tightened tissue.
 Surgery. Surgery for frozen shoulder is rare, but if nothing else
has helped, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove scar
tissue and adhesions from inside your shoulder joint. Doctors
usually perform this surgery with lighted, tubular instruments
inserted through small incisions around your joint
(arthroscopically).
Low Back Strain
Symptoms
Pain and stiffness in the back.
 Pain in the buttocks and the legs, often in the back
of the thigh.
 Pain that worsens when
bending, stretching, coughing, or sneezing.
Causes
 Extreme physical exertion.
 Falling.
 Bending or crouching repeatedly.
 Lifting heavy objects if you are not in shape.
Treatment

 Ice your back to reduce pain and swelling as soon as you

injure yourself. Apply heat to your back -- but only
after 2-3 days of icing it first.
 Take painkillers or other drugs,
 Use support.
 Get physical therapy to build up strength, if your doctor
recommends it. Do not stay in bed or on the couch all
day. That will make it worse.
 Maintain good muscle tone in your abdominal and lower
back muscles.
 Prevention
 If you feel any low back pain during physical activity, stop.
 If you feel low back pain within a day of stepping up your
workout, take it easy for a few days.
 Get your back in shape. Exercise and stretch your back
muscles regularly.
 Avoid sleeping on your stomach. Sleep on your back or your
side, and wedge a pillow under or beneath your legs.
 When picking up something heavy, bend at the knees, not at
the waist.
 Lose weight if you are overweight.
 Adopt good posture. Sit straight in chairs, with your back
against the chair's back.
Tennis Elbow
 Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) is a painful
condition that occurs when tendons in your elbow are
overloaded, usually by repetitive motions of the wrist
and arm.
 Despite its name, athletes aren't the only people who
develop tennis elbow. People whose jobs feature the
types of motions that can lead to tennis elbow include
plumbers, painters, carpenters and butchers.
 The pain of tennis elbow occurs primarily where the
tendons of your forearm muscles attach to a bony
bump on the outside of your elbow. Pain can also
spread into your forearm and wrist.
 Symptoms
 The pain associated with tennis elbow may radiate
from the outside of your elbow into your forearm
and wrist. Pain and weakness may make it difficult
to:
1. Shake hands or grip an object
2. Turn a doorknob
3. Hold a coffee cup
 Causes
 Tennis elbow is an overuse and muscle strain injury. The cause is
repeated contraction of the forearm muscles that you use to
straighten and raise your hand and wrist. The repeated motions
and stress to the tissue may result in a series of tiny tears in the
tendons that attach the forearm muscles to the bony prominence
at the outside of your elbow.
 As the name suggests, playing tennis — especially repeated use of
the backhand stroke with poor technique — is one possible cause
of tennis elbow. However, many other common arm motions can
cause tennis elbow, including:
 Using plumbing tools
 Painting
 Driving screws
 Cutting up cooking ingredients, particularly meat
 Repetitive computer mouse use
 Treatment
Therapy
 If your symptoms are related to tennis, your doctor may suggest that experts
evaluate your tennis technique or the movements involved with your job tasks to
determine the best steps to reduce stress on your injured tissue.
 A physical therapist can teach you exercises to gradually stretch and strengthen
your muscles, especially the muscles of your forearm. Eccentric exercises, which
involve lowering your wrist very slowly after raising it, are particularly helpful. A
forearm strap or brace may reduce stress on the injured tissue.
Surgical or other procedures
 Injections. Your doctor might suggest injecting platelet-rich plasma, Botox or some
form of irritant (prolotherapy) into the painful tendon. Dry needling — in which a
needle pierces the damaged tendon in many places — can also be helpful.
 Ultrasonic tenotomy (TENEX procedure). In this procedure, under ultrasound
guidance, a doctor inserts a special needle through your skin and into the damaged
portion of the tendon. Ultrasonic energy vibrates the needle so swiftly that the
damaged tissue liquefies and can be suctioned out.
 Surgery. If your symptoms haven't improved after six to 12 months of extensive
non-operative treatment, you may be a candidate for surgery to remove damaged
tissue. These types of procedures can be performed through a large incision or
through several small incisions. Rehabilitation exercises are crucial to recovery.
RUNNER’S KNEE
Symptoms
 The main thing is pain. You might notice it:
 Usually in front of your kneecap, though it could be
around or behind it
 When you bend your knee to walk, squat, kneel, run, or
even get up from a chair
 Getting worse when you walk downstairs or downhill
 The area around your knee could swell, or you might
hear popping or have a grinding feeling in the knee.
Causes
 Overuse.
 A direct hit to the knee, like from a fall or blow
 Your bones aren’t lined up (your doctor will call this malalignment). If
any of the bones from your hips to your ankles are out of their correct
position, including the kneecap, that can put too much pressure on
certain spots. Then your kneecap won’t move smoothly through its
groove, which can cause pain.
 Problems with your feet, like hypermobile feet (when the joints in and
around them move more than they should), fallen arches (flat feet), or
overpronation (which means your foot rolls down and inward when you
step). These often change the way you walk, which can lead to knee pain.
 Weak or unbalanced thigh muscles. The quadriceps, those big muscles in
the front of your thigh, keep your kneecap in place when you bend or
stretch the joint. If they’re weak or tight, your kneecap may not stay in
the right spot.
 Chondromalacia patella, a condition in which the cartilage under your
kneecap breaks down
Treatment
 Rest your knee.
 Ice your knee
 Wrap your knee.
 Elevate your leg on a pillow when you sit or lie down.
 Take NSAIDs, if needed, like ibuprofen or naproxen. These drugs help with pain
and swelling. But they can have side effects, like a higher risk of bleeding and
ulcers. Use them as little as you can, unless your doctor says otherwise.
 Do stretching and strengthening exercises, especially for your quadriceps
muscles. Your doctor can recommend a physical therapist to teach you what to
do.
 Try arch supports or orthotics for your shoes. They may help with the
position of your feet. You can buy them at the store or get them custom-made.
 If you try these techniques and your knee still hurts, ask your doctor if you
need to see a specialist, like an orthopedic surgeon. It’s rare, but you may
need surgery for severe cases of runner's knee. An orthopedic surgeon can
remove or replace damaged cartilage and, in extreme cases, correct the
position of your kneecap to send stress through the joint more evenly.
Prevention
 Keep your thigh muscles strong and limber with regular exercise.
 Use shoe inserts if you have problems that may lead to runner's
knee.
 Make sure your shoes have enough support.
 Try not to run on hard surfaces, like concrete.
 Stay in shape and keep a healthy weight.
 Warm up before you work out.
 Don’t make sudden workout changes like adding squats or lunges.
Add intense moves slowly.
 Ask your doctor if you should see a physical therapist. If your
doctor or physical therapist suggests it. Try a knee brace when
you work out.
 Wear quality running shoes.
 Get a new pair of running shoes once yours lose their shape or the
Blisters

A blister is a small pocket of fluid that forms on an

area of the body. These bubbles can vary in size
and can occur for different reasons. You may
develop one after a skin burn, infection with
fungus or bacteria, an insect bite, or trauma.
Depending on its location, a blister can interfere
with normal, everyday tasks. For example, if you
have a blister on your feet, you may have difficulty
walking, exercising, or standing for long periods of
time.
Causes
 Long duration standing or walking
 Ill fitted shoes
 Due to burning
 Excessive moisture or perspiration
 frostbite
 allergic reaction
 chemical exposure (cosmetics or detergents)
 fungal infections
 chickenpox
 bacterial infection
 herpes
 dyshidrotic eczema
Home treatments for blisters

 Wash your hands with warm water and antibacterial soap.

 Using a cotton swab, disinfect a needle with rubbing
alcohol.
 Clean the blister with antiseptic.
 Take the needle and make a small puncture in the blister.
 Allow fluid to completely drain from the blister.
 Apply antibacterial ointment or cream to the blister.
 Cover the blister with a bandage or gauze.
 Clean and reapply antibacterial ointment daily. Keep the
blister covered until it heals.
 Prevention
 Preventing blisters on your feet involves addressing the
underlying cause. If you develop a blister due to friction,
wearing properly fitted shoes is the first line of defense. If
your feet rub along a specific area of your shoe, wearing an
insole may provide extra padding and reduce friction.
 If you’re an athlete, make sure you keep your feet dry. Apply
foot powder to reduce sweating, or wear moisture-wicking
socks designed for athletes. These socks dry faster and reduce
moisture.
 If a cosmetic product (powder, lotion, soap) or an allergen
triggers blisters on your feet, avoiding the irritant reduces the
likelihood of new blisters. For blisters caused by a medical
condition, discuss possible treatments with your doctor. If you
treat an underlying problem, you may lower your risk of
blisters.