FILIPINO

SOCIAL
THINKERS
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Examine the social and political ideas of
Filipino Social thinkers;
Recognize the significant contributions of the
Filipino social thinkers to the advancement of
the disciplines of the social sciences; and
Develop a personal sense of nationalism and
patriotism.
WHAT IS A SOCIAL
THINKER?
Individuals in society who can be regarded as
forefronts and visionaries towards the
improvement of society in a particular time
 They can also be regarded as great individuals who
have contributed significantly to development of
political and social thoughts and philosophy.
 In the Philippines, there are a number of Filipino
social thinkers who contributed toward the
advancement and enrichment of social and political
thoughts.
Social Issues in
the Philippines RACISM
INEQUALITY
COLONIALISM
Jose P. Rizal JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO y
ALONSO REALONDA
Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, in
Calamba, Laguna, Philippines, to a wealthy
family.
Francisco Merkado Rizal & Teodora Alonso
y Quintos (landowner & sugar planter)
He studied medicine (to save his Mother’s
eyesight) in UST, Manila and later pursued
further studies in Europe, where he also
The Reformist became involved in nationalist movements.
Jose P. RizalHe is an intellectual, a Doctor
(Ophthalmologist-as trained by
Louis de Wecker and Otto
Becker) and Patriot
Polymath (good at
everything)
Cultured by his Mother &
private tutors , He spoke 22
languages and dialects
Jose P. Rizal
He studied in Europe and was exposed
to liberal and enlightenment ideas, which
influenced his writings and activism.
His novels, "Noli Me Tangere" and "El
Filibusterismo," exposed the abuses of
Spanish colonial rule and sparked
nationalistic sentiments among Filipinos.
He was executed by the Spanish
authorities on December 30, 1896,
sparking outrage and further fueling the
Philippine Revolution.
Their consciousness should be freed from
devotion, obedience, inferiority/lowliness,
and hopelessness.
He started La Liga Filipina with the
job of enlightening the minds of the people.
Believed in Agnostic Deism – the view that
God created the universe with its law, never
to interfere with it again
Rizal's works served as a catalyst for social
and political awakening among Filipinos.
He advocated for reforms through
education and peaceful means, by
emphasizing the need for national
unity and identity.
He advocated peaceful protest against
the Spaniards rather than a bloody
revolution.
He stated that the Philippines should
be treated equally as a province of
Spain.
Emphasized the value of the Intellectual
Revolution rather than the Physical
Revolution.
 Rizal argued that though a physical
revolution is vital for the evolution of a
society, the Philippines at that stage was
not prepared for such a process. He
claimed that the form of revolution that
the Philippines needed to go through is
that of an intellectual revolution, such that
every Filipino should be educated well on
the concepts and exercise of freedom.
 ANDRES
 He is one of the most
popular revolutionist during the
Spanish era. He was born on
November 30, 1963 and died May
10, 1987.
BONIFACI
 He is known to be the Father of the
Katipunan, Father of the Philippine O
Revolution and Founder of KKK
(Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan).
 He is considered to be the unofficial
First President of the Philippines.
 According to historians, there was
ANDRES
already an official revolutionary
government before called Haring
BONIFACI
Bayang Katagalugan
Bonifacio was the Supreme leader
where
O
or Supremo.
 According to him, a revolution of
war is justified when there is breach
of contract.
He believed in the concept of Lost
Paradise when the Spaniards ANDRES
colonized the country
Revolution, therefore will restore BONIFACI
the paradise
Kaginhawaan and kasaganaan,
O
however the Spaniards did not
keep their promise (Blood
compact ) experienced a lot of
Kadiliman
Tripartite View of History
“Liwanag, Dilim, Liwanag” ANDRES
Liwanag can be achieve again
if we follow katwiran and
BONIFACI
magkaisang-loob to fight the
evils of the society
O
Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa,
there’s no greater love than the
love of the country (Call to join
to fight for Phil. Independence)
Died May 10, 1897
He was a well-known general ofEMILIO JACINTO y DIZON
the revolutionary government of
the Philippines during the
Spanish regime.
He is popularly known as the
Utak ng Katipunan or the Brain
of the Katipunan.
 He became the advisor on fiscal
matters and secretary to Andres
Bonifacio The Revolutionist
He was the author of the Kartilya ng
Katipunan which was very important EMILIO JACINTO y
to the Katipunan.
The Kartilya or code is an ideology or DIZON
philosophy which embodies morals
and nationalistic principles.
He wrote for the Katipunan newspaper
called Kalayaan.
He wrote in the newspaper under the
pen name ‘Dimasilaw’ and used the
alias ‘Pingkian’ in the Katipunan
 He believed that Freedom to think and
do rather than the freedom to will and EMILIO JACINTO y
do.
 One should be able to think through his DIZON
situation clearly before he can, will
anything significant at all
 He is committed to the ideals of liberty,
equality and fraternity
 Youth must get rid of slavery, embrace
“Kalayaan” once again thru a bloody
Revolution
 Died of Malaria at the age 23 April 16,
1899
APOLINARIO

MABINI
The Sublime-Paralytic
He was born in July 23, 1864 in
Talaga, Tanuan, Batangas.
He provided the guiding principles for
the armed struggle against Spain and
USA, in line with higher philosophical
and political ideals that made the
rebellion into a national Liberation
APOLINARIO MABINI
 He served as the first prime minister and Secretary of
Foreign Affairs of the First Philippine Republic from
January 2, 1899 to May 8, 1899.
 He was also appointed as the President of the
Supreme Court.
 Mabini acted as the chief adviser of President Emilio
Aguinaldo.
 He also provided a simple structure of government
for the Philippines during the Second Phase of the
Philippine Revolution.
 He was the most constant defender of the
Revolution and of Philippine Independence.
APOLINARIO MABINI
 Mabini introduced several social philosophies in his
political writings. His major works included 'El
Verdadero Decalogo," Ordenanzas de la Revolucion"
and the " Programa constitutional de la republica
Filipina."
 His social philosophy included the following:
 Definition and Role of Citizenship; The Need for
Radical Changes Concept of Man and Society; Role
of Government & Education
 He explains in his Decalogue “the duties of the
citizen stating that democracy was still an alien to his
countryman” (Died of Cholera May 13, 1903)
 Mabini’s Social Philosophies;
Definition and Role of Citizenship
Like Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini saw the need for political freedom
geared toward the establishment of self-government institutions. In his
article entitled "Mabini: Philosopher of Citizenship," It believes that he
wanted Filipinos to assert their rights as free citizens of a republic.
Need for Radical Changes
 Mabini believes that genuine social renewal can only be achieved
through radical institutional and personal changes. An "internal and external
revolution" was necessary in order to “establish a more solid basis for moral
education and to foreswear the vices that we have inherited from the
Spaniards".
 ISABELO DE
 He was born on July 7, 1864 and died October
LOS
REYES
10, 1938 in Vigan, Ilocos Sur.
 He founded the first vernacular newspaper in the
Philippines, El Ilocano where he acted as both
the Editor and publisher of the newspaper.
 He also wrote a number of researches on
Philippine history and culture.
 He is known to be the Father of Philippine Labor
and the founder of the Aglipayan Church or
Iglesia Flipina Independiente.
 ISABEO DE
 He was jailed before because of the prominent
LOS
REYES
strikes against American business firms.
 He was the head of the Philippine labor group called
Union de Litograficos y Impresores de Filipinas
in 1901.
 Later he organized the first labor federation in the
country in 1902, the Union Obrera Democratica
Filipina (UOD). This was his reaction against what
he perceived as the impending exploitation of
Filipino labor by American business firms or
capitalist institutions.
Initiated at the celebration of Labor Day (May 1)
 RAFAEL
Advocated “Academic Freedom”
PALMA
The primary purpose of education is to
develop the individual to his highest efficiency
so that he can be of use to himself and to the
community. Such a concept is based on the
philosophy of altruism and is closely allied to
citizenship.
“Education must produce individuals who are
both useful to themselves and to society.”
JORGE BOCOBO  He was a scholar, lawyer, writer,
journalist, religious leader, educator,
political scientist and successful
college executive.
 In his philosophy - Filipino culture and
tradition should be the basis of a truly
Filipino education, he equated
education with patriotism and
nationalism and believed that
education is means of preparing the
individual for a democratic way of life.
MANUEL
LUIS
QUEZON
 MANUEL LUIS
The Political Philosopher
August 19, 1878QUEZON
(Pres. Commonwealth of the Phil.)
“The fight for freedom is now in the US Congress”
 Political pragmatism & political operation for an eventual
Philippine independence
Political Pragmatism – “one must fight for a goal but if
obstacles towards that goal are difficult to summon then
one must fall back to an alternative that is better than
nothing provided it’s in the right direction.”
 MANUEL LUIS
EDUCATION must aim for good citizenship,
QUEZON
survival, and preparation for livelihood
Envisioned a government with distributive
justice. Sought for the Code of Ethics to
strengthen character of the people
Died August 1, 1944 (US)
 MANUEL LUIS
POLITICAL PRAGMATISM
QUEZON
one must fight for a goal, but if obstacles
towards that goal are difficult to surmount,
then one must fall back to an alternative that
is better than nothing provided it is in the
right direction.
 MANUEL LUIS
SOCIAL QUEZON
JUSTICE
His social justice program included higher
wages, credit facilities that would allow the
Filipinos the opportunity to earn a decent
livelihood, and the protection of the rights of
women and the poor, among others
 CLARO M. RECTO  He is known as the "foremost
(Legislator, Congressman, Senator and
Writer.)
statesman" of his generation due
to the various nationalistic writings
that he made as a senator.
 He finished his Bachelor of Arts
degree at the Ateneo de Manila
and his master of laws at the
University of Santo Tomas
 He considers himself Anti-
Neocolonialism.
 CLARO M.
He was a Philippine nationalist leader and
RECTO
president of the 1934 constitutional convention.
He was one of the most vocal advocates of
Philippine political and social autonomy.
He is dubbed as the “Champion of Filipino
Nationalism” because he is well-known for his
ideas of nationalism.
 CLARO
According to him, nationalism is
M.
a “devotion to andRECTO
advocacy of
Filipino interests and Filipino
unity and independence, keen
adherence to our own Filipino
nation and its principles, in brief,
Filipino
Known for his Filipino First
Policy
 CLARO
The key to the country’s prosperity is
M.
RECTO
industry. Industry, however, has to be
placed in the control of the Filipinos
themselves.
He said: “As long as foreigners dominate
our production, our manufacture, and our
distribution of the essentials of civilized
life, we will remain benighted natives, the
dupes of profiteers and carpet baggers.
 CLARO
We will remain outcasts in the
M.
RECTO
family of nations, unable to deal
with other countries on an equal
footing and our internal policies
influenced, if not determined, by
powerful interests acting through
their Filipino friends in power and
authority.”
The three important programmatic narratives and movements emerged

from the discipline of psychology, anthropology and history, namely:

1. Sikolohiyang Pilipino

2. Pantayong Pananaw,

3. Pilipinohiya.
 SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
(Dr. Virgilio Enriquez)
It is the study of the experiences and
mind of the Filipino people. It is the
perspective used to understand how and
what do Filipino think, act and feel. This
is the Psychology of Filipinos SIKOLOHIYA NG
SIKOLOHIYA NG PILIPINAS MGA
These are the chronological PILIPINO
happenings in the timeline of These are the theories
Philippine History that has being studied that have
something to with Psychology. something to do on how
Filipino think and act.
 The word Sikolohiyang  But according to
Pilipino was pioneered by Enriquez, Filipinos have
Virgilio Enriquez Ph.D. the term “pakikikapwa”
 According to him, the or kapwa where the
western theories are not “other” is not only
applicable to the Filipino experienced on the
outside but also in the
Society.
inside.
 They believe that the human
 Kapwa means being
is composed of the together or the
personality where people togetherness of people
wear masks and the “other” which is the core
can only see and experience concept of the
the “mask” of the person. Sikolohiyang Pilipino
 Kapwa has two kinds, ibang tao (other people) and hindi ibang tao (one-of-us).
Ibang tao has five domains these are:
1. Pakikitungo: civility– these are right behavior meant right demeanor toward
authorities.
2. Pakikisalamuha: socialize – this is a social value that is primarily
communitarian and Confucian. It espouses the ability to adapt
3. Pakikilahok: act of joining – this translate to participation of the entire
community to a person.
4. Pakikibagay: conformity – this runs into conflict with individuality which
Filipinos in fact willingly throw away in favor of conformity with demands of
those who are in charge.
5. Pakikisama: being united with the group.
For hindi ibang tao (not to be treated as other
person), there are three domains:
1.Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual
trust
2. Pakikisangkot: act of joining others or
active involvement
3. Pakikipagkaisa: Unite. being one with
others
Other basic tenets are:
 Pakiramdam: Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use damdam, or the inner
perception of others’ emotions, as a basic tool to guide his dealings with other
people
 Kagandahang-loob: Shared humanity. This refers to being able to help other
people in dire need due to a perception of being together as a part of one Filipino
humanity.
 Bahala Na: Bahala Na translates literally as “leave it up to God (Bathala)” and it
is used as an expression, almost universally, in Filipino culture, Filipino engage
in that bahala na attitude as a culture-influenced adaptive coping strategy when
faced with challenging situations.
 Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means concurrent struggle. It refers to the
ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common
enemy
Pantayong Pananaw
 It is a perspective used in social sciences most especially
in Philippine History. It is composed of two words: Tayo
which means We in Filipino and Pananaw which means
perspective or view.
 Zeus A. Salazar was the one who coined the perspective
of Pantayong Pananaw.
 Using Pantayong Pananaw, the term “Kasaysayan" was
more used rather than the term history. Kasaysayan
means "salaysay ukol sa nakaraan o nakalipas na may
saysay para sa isang grupo ng tao at inuulat sa
pamamagitan ng sariling wika."
The Pantayong Pananaw has basic tenets that
explain the nature of this perspective:
1. The original language of the Filipinos and other indigenous groups in the
Philippines must be used in writing Philippine History.
2. Language as proposed by the advocate of Pantayong Pananaw serves as
the root and backbone of the Filipino experience.
3. Foreign people can speak and learn the Filipino language but cannot
really have that whole-hearted knowledge about the language.
4. Writing history using Pantayong Pananaw would therefore hinge on using
and tapping the local and national languages.
5. Having one language (Filipino) used in writing history makes the Filipino
society fully grasp the true meaning of Kasaysayan.
 Pilipinohiya-
systematic study of Filipino
psyche,
Filipino culture and
Filipino society using the
terms and categories of
thought of the culture.
- It was
developed by Prospero Covar
from the Anthropology
Department and Zues Salazar
from the History Department
of the University of the
Philippines.
Pilipinohiya comes from the two words Pilipino and
lohiya.
Pilipino-refers to the citizens of the Philippines or those
that belong to the Filipino race or referring to the national
language of the Filipinos before it was replaced by
Filipino.
Lohiya-is derived from the Latin, logos, which means
systematic study
Pilipinohiya is defined as the study of the world of
Filipinos, of being Filipinos, and the different ways of
being Filipino