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    5.endocrine System ++

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    5.endocrine System ++

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    5.Endocrine System ++

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    6 views21 pages

    5.endocrine System ++

    Uploaded by

    fbn87rfm2j

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

    Endocrinology — science which studies


    development, structure and functions of
    endocrine glands (EG) and cells-producers of
    hormones.
    Hormones (from the Greek word «horman» —
    to excite) — biologically active substances
    which are excreted by EG into blood or lymph
    and regulate metabolism and physiological
    functions of an organism.
    This endocrine system releases directly in blood
    physiologically active substances or hormones.
    The hormone this chemical active substance
    which secretions is direct into blood endocrinal
    cells or glands, and participates in regulation of a
    metabolism, a homeostasis, growth and
    reproduction of an organism.
    Important endocrine glands:

    1. The hypothalamus: adenohypophysis,


    neurohypophysis.
    2. The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
    3. The adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
    4. The parathyroid gland.
    5. The ovary and testis.
    6. The group endocrinals of cells in the organs having
    other functions.
    For example, endocrinals of cells in auricle of heart
    secretions a hormone – Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP).
    Functions of the hormones:

    1. Participation in regulation of a metabolism in


    an organism.
    2. Participation in regulation of a homeostasis
    and function of bodies and tissues.
    3. Regulation of process of growth and
    development of body.
    4. Kinetic action – stimulates function of body
    at specific a condition.
    Types of hormones:

    1. Local hormones or parahormones, these


    hormones are secreted with a endocrine cells
    into blood and have local action.
    2. The general hormones or hormones with a
    secreted by specific endocrine glands into
    blood and have general effects on the
    organism.
    Chemical classification of hormones

    1. Steroids
    2. Proteins and polypeptides
    3. Amino-acid derivatives
    1. Steroids hormones are hydrophobic, lipid
    soluble, are synthesized from cholesterol.
     Aldosterone
     Cortisol
     Corticosterone
     Testosterone
     Estrogen
     Progesterone
     Androstenedione
    2. Proteins and polypeptides hormones are water
    soluble. They are synthesized in ribosomes.
     Growth hormone (GH)
     Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
     Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
     Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
     Prolactin
     Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
     Oxytocin
     Insulin
     Somatostatin
     Parathormone
     Glucagon
     Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
     Pancreatic polypeptide
     Calcitonin
    3. Amino-acid derivatives. Thyroid hormones are
    synthesized in the way iodination and
    condensation of Tyrosine molecules.
     Thyroxine
     Triiodothyronine
     Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
     Noradrenaline
     Dopamine
    Property of hormones

    1. Specificity of hormones. Each hormone has


    own the structure and released by certain
    gland.
    2. Hormones are released directly into blood
    through walls of vessels. It name incretion.
    3. High biological activity of hormone. Small
    quantities of hormone cause changes
    functions an organism.
    4. Distence actions of hormone.

    5. Hormones have long latent period.


    6.Hormones inactivated mainly in the liver and
    kidneys.
    The mechanism actions of protein and
    polypeptide hormones.
    • Mechanism of Action
    -hormones circulate in blood: contact all cells
    -only cause effects in cells with receptor for
    hormone: called target cells
    -receptors present on a cell determines the cell’s
    hormonal sensitivity
    Hormone Receptors
    -located on plasma membrane or inside target
    1. Cell membrane hormone receptors
    2. Intracellular hormone receptors
    1. Cell membrane hormone receptors:
    - catecholamines, peptide hormones, glycoprotein hormones,
    eicosanoids

    - bind receptors on cell surface

    - indirectly trigger events inside cell via second messengers


    (cAMP, Ca++)

    - 2nd messenger acts as activator, inhibitor, or cofactor for


    intracellular enzymes (enzymes catalyze reactions for cell
    changes)

    - receptor linked to 2nd messenger by G protein (regulatory


    enzyme complex).
    2. Intracellular hormone receptors

    - steroid hormones, thyroid hormones


    - result in direct gene activation by hormone
    - hormone diffuses across membrane, binds
    receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
    - hormone + receptor bind DNA transcription

    translation = protein production (metabolic


    enzymes, structural proteins, secretions)
    Control of Endocrine Activity
    • synthesis and release of most hormones
    regulated by negative feedback:
    stimulus hormone release effects at
    target
    3 major stimuli for hormone release:
    1. Humoral stimuli
    – ion and nutrient levels in blood trigger release (e.g. PTH
    released when blood Ca++ low)

    2. Neural stimuli (autonomic nervous system)


    –nerve fibers directly stimulate release (e.g. sympathetic
    adrenal medulla = epinephrine release)
    3. Hormonal stimuli
    – hormones stimulate the release of other hormones (e.g.
    releasing hormones of hypothalamus cause release of
    hormones from anterior pituitary)

    - hormone release turned on by stimuli and off by negative


    feedback
    Endocrine Organs
    1. Hypothalamus
    2. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
    3. Thyroid Gland
    4. Parathyroid Glands
    5. Adrenal Glands
    6. Pancreas
    7. Pineal Gland
    8. Gastrointestinal Tract
    9. Kidney
    10. Heart
    11. Thymus
    12. Gonads
    13. Adipose

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