Testing of Transformer

TESTING OF TRANSFORMER
• TESTING IS CARRIED OUT AS PER IS-2026.

• ROUTINE, TYPE TESTS & SPECIAL TESTS
• ROUTINE TESTS (TO BE CARRIED OUT ON EACH JOB)

1.Measurement of winding resistance
2. Measurement of insulation resistance
3. Separate source voltage withstand test (High Voltage tests on HV & LV)
4. Induced Over voltage Withstand test (DVDF test)
5.Measurement of voltage ratio
6. Measurement of NO LOAD LOSS & current.
7.Measurement of LOAD LOSS & IMPEDENCE.(EFFICIENCY &
REGULATION)
8. Vector Group Verification
9.Oil BDV test.
TYPE TESTS
THESE TESTS ARE CARRIED OUT ONLY
ON ONE TRANSFORMER OF THE LOT.
All routine tests
 Type tests
1.Lightening Impulse test.
2. Temperature rise test
SPECIAL TESTS
Additional Impulse test
Short circuit test
Measurement of zero Phase sequence
Impedance test.
Measurement of acoustic noise level.
Measurement of harmonics of the no load
current.
Magnetic balance test.
ROUTINE TESTS
1.MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE
• This test measures the resistance of the HV & LV

winding.
• The values of resistance should be balance for all
three phases and should match the designed values.
• Equipment used: Digital resistance meter.
2.INDUCED OVER VOLTAGE WITHSTAND
TEST (DVDF TEST)
• This test checks the inter turn insulation.
• For a 11KV/433V transformer, 866 Volts are
applied at the 433V winding with the help of a
Generator for 1 minute.
• This induces 22KV on 11KV side. The frequency
of the 866V supply is also increased to 100HZ.
• Equipment used: MOTOR GENERATOR SET
3.MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE RATIO
• This test measures the voltage ratio as per the
customer's requirement.
• V1/V2, N1/N2
• The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio in a
transformer.
• Using this principle, the turns ratio is measured with the
help of a turns ratio meter.
• If it is correct then the voltage ratio is assumed to be
correct.
• Equipment used: Turns Ratiometer
3.MEASUREMENT OF NO LOAD LOSS &
CURRENT-
• The iron losses and no load current are measured in
this test.
• The 433V winding is charged at 433V supply & the
11KV winding is left open The power consumed by
the transformer at no load is the no load loss in the
transformer.
• Effect of actual frequency must be taken into account.
• Equipment used: Watt meters or power analyser
4.MEASUREMENT OF LOAD LOSS &
IMPEDENCE.(EFFICIENCY & REGULATION)
• This test measures the power consumed by the
transformer when the 433V winding is short
circuited and The rated current is passed through
the 11KV winding.
• Equipment used: Wattmeter's or power analyser
5.VECTOR GROUP VERIFICATION
TEST
• This test verifies the Dyn-11 vector

group of a distribution transformer.
• Equipment used: voltmeter.
Oil BDV TEST.
• Oil breakdown voltage is checked as per IS-335.
• 100 mm L X 70 mm B X 80 mm Ht. glass pot.
• 500ml Oil sample.
• Spherical electrodes with gap of 2.5 mm
• Recommended value: 60KV
• Equipment used: OIL BDV TEST SET.
TYPE TESTS
LIGHTENING IMPULSE TEST

 All the dielectric tests check the insulation level of the job.
 Impulse generator is used to produce the specified voltage impulse
wave of 1.2/50 micro seconds wave
 One impulse of a reduced voltage between 50 to 75% of the full
test voltage and subsequent three impulses at full voltage.
 For a three phase transformer, impulse is carried out on all three
phases in succession.
 The voltage is applied on each of the line terminal in succession,
keeping the other terminals earthed.
 The current and voltage wave shapes are recorded on the
oscilloscope and any distortion in the wave shape is the criteria for
failure.
SPECIAL TEST SHORT CIRCUIT WITHSTAND ABILITY TEST-
• This tests measures the ability of the transformer to withstand the mechanical
and thermal stresses caused by the external short circuit.
• HV terminals are connected to the supply bus of the testing plant.
• The LV is short circuited.
• The testing plant parameters are such adjusted to give the rated short circuit
current.
• Supply is made on and closed after specified duration of short circuit.
• The record of current wave form is noted. There should not be any mechanical
distortion, fire to the transformer during this test.
• Similarly no wave form distortion.
• The transformer should also withstand the routine tests after the short circuit
test.
• The reactance of the winding measured before and after the S.C. test should not
vary beyond the limits stated in the IS2026.
MAINTENANCE OF TRANSFORMER
 Transformer is the heart of any power system.
Hence preventive maintenance is always cost
effective and time saving. Any failure to the
transformer can extremely affect the whole
functioning of the organization.
MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE
OIL:
1. Oil level checking. Leakages to be attended.
2. Oil BDV & acidity checking at regular intervals. If
acidity is between 0.5 to 1mg KOH, oil should be
kept under observation.
3. BDV, Color and smell of oil are indicative.
1. Sludge, dust, dirt, moisture can be removed by filtration.
2. Oil when topped up shall be of the same make. It may
lead to sludge formation and acidic contents.
Insulation resistance of the transformer should be checked

once in 6 months. Megger values along with oil values
indicate the condition of transformer. Periodic Dissolved
Gas Analysis can be carried out.
BUSHINGS
Bushings should be cleaned and inspected for any
cracks.
Dust & dirt deposition, Salt or chemical deposition,
cement or acid fumes depositions should be carefully
noted and rectified.
Periodic checking of any loose connections of the terminations
of HV & LV side.
Breather examination. Dehydration of Silica gel if necessary.
Explosion vent diaphragm examination.
Conservator to be cleaned from inside after every three years.
Regular inspection of OIL & WINDING TEMPERATURE
METER readings.
Cleanliness in the Substation yard with all nets, vines, shrubs
removed.
PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS
 The best way of protecting a transformer is to have
good preventive maintenance schedule.
Oil Temperature Indicators.
Winding Temperature indicators.
Buchholz Relay.
Magnetic Oil level Gauge.
Explosion Vent.
HT fuse & D.O. fuse.
LT circuit breaker.
HT Circuit breaker with Over load, Earth
Fault relay tripping.
Oil Surge Relay for OLTC.
PRV for OLTC.
HORN GAPS & Lightening Arrestor.
Breather.
FAILURE & CASUES
Insufficient Oil level.
Seepage of water in oil.
Prolonged Over loading.
Single Phase loading.
Unbalanced loading.
Faulty Termination (Improper sized lugs etc)
Power Theft.
Prolonged Short Circuit.
Faulty operation of tap changer switch.
Lack of installation checks
Faulty design
Bad Quality of raw material.
Transit damaged transformers.
After failure, transformer is removed and replaced with
new/repaired one without removing the cause of failure
which results in immediate or short time failure.

Testing of Transformer

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Testing of Transformer

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TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

• TESTING IS CARRIED OUT AS PER IS-2026.

• ROUTINE TESTS (TO BE CARRIED OUT ON EACH JOB)

• This test measures the resistance of the HV & LV

• This test verifies the Dyn-11 vector

LIGHTENING IMPULSE TEST

Insulation resistance of the transformer should be checked

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