History of Life On Earth

History of life
on Earth
Learning Objectives/ Competencies
• Discuss the importance of learning the history of life on Earth
and How life Began
• Enumerate the significant event that happened in the specific
geologic time
• Describe general features of the history of life on Earth,
including generally accepted dates and sequence of the geologic
time scale and characteristics of major groups of organisms
present during these periods STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-8
The history of life on earth tells
you the origin of all life-forms.
It is similar to giving you
feedback of the things that
happened before for you to
learn the lessons.
The first widely accepted idea of how life on
Earth formed was proposed by the Russian
chemist Alexander Ivanovich Oparin (1894–
1980) in the 1920s.
• proposed that the atmosphere of early
Earth was very reactive, with numerous
incidents of lightning and high levels of
ultraviolet radiation.
• Oparin thought that the early oceans
contained a solution of many essential
elements and compounds. "primordial
soup,"
With the information obtained from
rock layers and fossils worldwide, scientists
have estimated the relative age of Earth and
identified the major groups of organisms
that have survived on Earth during a
specific time frame.
The Origin of Life
• Our planet was formed by different pieces of cosmic debris
that were probably attracted to one another over a course of
about 100 million years.
• When Earth melted, the different elements contained in it
rearranged themselves according to density.
• The infant planet was so different from modern Earth because
the sky was most probably pinkish orange and its early
atmosphere contained hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and water.
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
In their experiment, they filled a flask with hydrogen, methane, ammonia,
and water to represent the early atmosphere of Earth, they also made sure
that no microorganisms would contaminate it.
• Then, they passed electric sparks through the mixture to simulate
lightning.
• They discovered that several amino acids-the building blocks of
proteins-began to accumulate in their setup because amino acids are
not simple compounds at all.
How Life Began
• Scientists believe that microscopic cell-like
structures similar to modern bacteria appeared
200-300 million years after Earth cooled enough
to carry water.
• Several hypotheses suggest that structures are
similar to those known as proteinoid
microspheres.
• Several hypotheses suggest that structures similar
to proteinoid microspheres might have acquired
more cellular characteristics.
Evolution of RNA and DNA
• One of the hypotheses about the origin
of life, suggests that RNA could have
evolved before DNA due to three
conditions.
• First, protein synthesis may occur in
2.505
RNA but not in DNA.
• Second, RNA can catalyze certain
reactions in the form of ribozymes.
• Last, the enzymatic reduction of RNA
nucleotides enables the synthesis of
DNA nucleotides.
Where did life
with the many speculations about the origin of life,
evolve?
Scientists have found different habitats where life may
have begun.
• Some of these locations include soil surfaces,
interstellar space, and even the atmosphere
• Some scientists also suggest that life might have
originated from the oceans, but complex organic
molecules are vulnerable to damage due to high
sodium and chlorine concentrations in seawater.
ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• Complex life began from simple prokaryotic organisms, which are said
to be the ancestors or precursors of eukaryotes.
• Prokaryotes are so successful in an incredible range of habitats that
they can even live in swamps, hindguts of termites, hot springs, and
even in deep sea and underground rocks.
• there are 500 million prokaryotic organisms per liter of ocean water, 1
billion of them per liter of freshwater, and about 300 million bacteria on
the skin of a person.
• Primitive prokaryotes entered the ancestral eukaryote.
• Prokaryotes and their host fan endosymbiotic relationship.
Endosymbiosis
• is a type of relationship wherein an organism lives inside its
partner.
Endosymbiotic theory
• eukaryotic cells created a symbiotic relationship with
prokaryotic organisms-one group can produce ATP, and the
other group can do photosynthesis.
• These organisms became mitochondria and chloroplasts
Multicellularity and Sexual Reproduction
• Most prokaryotes reproduce asexually.
• After eukaryotic cells arose, they began to reproduce
sexually.
• The reason behind this far greater speed of evolution is
the shuffling and reshuffling of genes from one
generation to the next.
• After the emergence of sexual reproduction, there came
the development of multicellular organisms from single-
celled species.
PALEONTOLOGY
Paleontology
• is the scientific study of the existence of life,
including the origin and eventual destruction
or extinction of different groups of organisms.
• It is a science that incorporates different
disciplines such as biology, geology, ecology,
archaeology, and even computer science to
study the evolution of organisms and how
they interact with the environment.
Paleontologists
• specialize in studying the ecologies of the
past and the evolution of organisms that
thrived in these ecologies through careful
observation and documentation of fossils.
Archaeopteryx
• Said to have had many features of dinosaurs,
which provide strong evidence of the
dinosaur ancestry of birds.
Geology
• Geology is the study of life on Earth based on the
evidence found on rocks.
• Geologists have a lot of contributions in terms of
studying the history of life on Earth.
Geologists
are scientists who carefully study the different
materials that makeup Earth.
• They work to understand the history of Earth by
focusing on the changes of Earth over time in
relation to changes in climate and land formation.

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