Health Education 05 Learning Theories

Learning theories
Learning
Often thought of as a relatively permanent change
in behavior due to experience. It is influenced by
various biological, cultural, social, and emotional
variables.
Several different theories have emerged to
explain how people learn. Some of the
main theories of learning include:
 Behavioral learning theory
 Cognitive learning theory
 Constructivist learning theory
 Social learning theory
 Experiential learning theory
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a theory of learning based
on the idea that all behaviors are
acquired through conditioning, and
conditioning occurs through interaction
with the environment.
Behaviorists believe that our actions are

shaped by environmental stimuli
Behaviorism
Behavior can be studied in a systematic

and observable manner regardless of
internal mental states.
Behavioral theory also says that only
observable behavior should be studied, as
cognition, emotions, and mood are far too
subjective
Behaviorism
Behavior can be studied in a systematic and
observable manner regardless of internal
mental states.
Behavioral theory also says that only

observable behavior should be studied, as
cognition, emotions, and mood are far too
subjective
Strict behaviorists believe that any person—

regardless of genetic background, personality
traits, and internal thoughts— can be trained
to perform any task, within the limits of their
physical capabilities. It only requires the right
conditioning
Behaviorism
Behaviorism
Behaviorism
Types of Behaviorism
Methodological behaviorism states that
observable behavior should be studied
scientifically, and that mental states and
cognitive processes don't add to the
understanding of behavior.
Radical behaviorism is rooted in the theory

that behavior can be understood by looking at
one's past and present environment and the
reinforcements within it, thereby influencing
behavior either positively or negatively.
Behaviorism
Behavioral theories are centered on the

environmental influences on the learning
process. Environmental influences include
associations, reinforcements, and
punishments.
Behaviorism
Learning Through Association
The classical conditioning

process works by developing
an association between an
environmental stimulus and a
naturally occurring stimulus.
Ivan Pavlov's classic experiments

Behaviorism
•Unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus or

trigger that leads to an automatic response
•Neutral stimulus is a stimulus that doesn't
initially trigger a response on its own
•Conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that was
once neutral (didn't trigger a response) but now
leads to a response
•Unconditioned response is an automatic
response or a response that occurs without
thought when an unconditioned stimulus is
present
•Conditioned response is a learned response or
a response that is created where no response
existed before
Behaviorism
Learning Through
Reinforcements
Operant conditioning,
sometimes referred to as
instrumental conditioning,
is a method of learning
that occurs through
reinforcement and
punishment
Behaviorism
Learning Through Reinforcements
Behaviorism
It also plays a powerful role in everyday learning. Reinforcement and punishment

take place in natural settings all the time, as well as in more structured settings
such as classrooms or therapy sessions
Behaviorism
The ABCs of Behavior. A stands for Antecedent: The rat accidentally hits the
lever that triggers the release of food. B stands for Behavior and refers to the
response. The rat keeps pressing the lever. C stands for Consequence: Food keeps
coming out.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism
Operant conditioning: Types of Behaviors
Respondent behaviors are those that

occur automatically and reflexively.
Don't have to learn these behaviors. They

simply occur automatically and
involuntarily.
Behaviorism
Operant conditioning: Types of Behaviors
Operant behaviors, on the other hand,

are those under our conscious control.
Some may occur spontaneously and
others purposely.
Behaviorism
Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning
Positive reinforcers are favorable events

or outcomes that are presented after
the behavior.
In positive reinforcement situations, a
response or behavior is strengthened by
the addition of praise or a direct reward.
Behaviorism
Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning
Negative reinforcers involve the

removal of an unfavorable events or
outcomes after the display of a
behavior.
In these situations, a response is
strengthened by the removal of something
considered unpleasant.
Behaviorism
Punishment in Operant Conditioning
Positive punishment, sometimes

referred to as punishment by
application, presents an unfavorable
event or outcome in order to weaken the
response it follows.
Behaviorism
Punishment in Operant Conditioning
Negative punishment, also known as

punishment by removal, occurs when a
favorable event or outcome is removed
after a behavior occurs.
Behaviorism
Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous reinforcement involves

delivering a reinforcement every time a
response occurs.
Learning tends to occur relatively quickly,
yet the response rate is quite low.
Extinction also occurs very quickly once
reinforcement is halted
Behaviorism
Fixed-ratio schedules are a type of

partial reinforcement.
Responses are reinforced only after a

specific number of responses have
occurred. This typically leads to a fairly
steady response rate
Behaviorism
Fixed-interval schedules are another

form of partial reinforcement.
Reinforcement occurs only after a certain
interval of time has elapsed.
Response rates remain fairly steady and
start to increase as the reinforcement time
draws near, but slow immediately after
the reinforcement has been delivered
Behaviorism
Variable-ratio schedules are also a type

of partial reinforcement that involve
reinforcing behavior after a varied
number of responses.
This leads to both a high response rate
and slow extinction rates.
Behaviorism
Variable-interval schedules are the final

form of partial reinforcement Skinner
described. This schedule involves
delivering reinforcement after a variable
amount of time has elapsed. This also
tends to lead to a fast response rate and
slow extinction rate
Behaviorism
Cognitive Learning Theories
Cognitive learning is an educational approach that gives major
importance to effective usage of the brain
Cognition is defined as the process of gaining knowledge and

understanding concepts with the help of our senses, thoughts, and
experiences.
The word cognitive comes from ‘’cognition’’, which describes

the ability to think, perceive, remember and solve problems.
Cognitive learning theory, on the other hand, is a theory that
highlights how the human mind works during the learning
process. It focuses on how the brain processes information and
explores the ways through which learning occurs.
The Processes Of Cognitive Learning Theory
Perception refers to recognizing the

environmental stimuli and the action
while responding to the stimuli. It is a
significant cognitive learning process
wherein individuals process information
during simple or complex events. In
addition, prior experience also affects
one's perception.
Concept formation helps to

organize information accordingly
in different categories. For
instance, it helps to decide which
way to go after seeing a road sign
pointing in a specific direction.
Memory forms the foundation of the

cognitive learning process as it helps to
store and recover information that
individuals have previously learned.
Moreover, it does not focus on short-term
or long-term memory. Instead, it
emphasizes creating an environment of
mastering a concept that helps them to
relate to their prior experiences.
Application component of the cognitive

learning approach promotes the
application of new information or skills in
real-life situations. Consequently, helping
to develop problem-solving skills.
Strategies Of Cognitive Learning
Learner-Centered Strategy
As the term suggests, this strategy focuses on

the students, taking a cue from the accumulated
knowledge, education, previous experience and
ideas. Therefore, this approach is about relating
new information to existing knowledge.
Cognitive
Learning
Theories
Learning Through Discovery Strategy
 Learning is a continuous process, and there

is no end to it; hence as per this strategy,
individuals have the liberty to build
knowledge by exploring new ideas.
Learning Through Discovery Strategy
 This strategy helps develop analytical skills

as it helps analyze any problem and come
up with the best solution.
 It encourages individuals to discover
answers by themselves and put them face to
face with real-world issues. Additionally,
this strategy is often used in one of the
levels of Bloom’s taxonomy.
Meaningful Learning Strategy
 The most commonly used technique that

students and educators employ to learn a
lesson is rote learning. But that results in
ineffective learning because they can't
retain the information and hence cannot
apply it to any situation or problem.
Personalized Learning Strategy
 Each student is a unique individual and has

their own problems and perspectives about
the world. Hence, it is only appropriate for
instructors to create a learning experience
to fit individuals depending on their
knowledge.
Types Of Cognitive Learning Strategies
Explicit Learning
 Voluntary attempt to learn something

that an individual desires; when they
actively seek knowledge or try to
learn a new skill or process
Implicit Learning
 Implicit learning happens when the

individual passively gains new
knowledge or skill while unaware of
the entire process. This kind of
learning occurs when they work, talk,
or do any normal day-to-day work.
Meaningful Learning
 Occurs when individuals are able to

relate the newly acquired information
with their past experiences.
Collaborative Learning
 The strategy also

encourages instructors to
include activities and tasks
in the classroom that
require students to do
collaborative learning
Experiential Learning
 Experiential learning happens

throughout one’s academic
life and career. When
individuals take valuable
lessons from their
experiences(both positive and
negative)
Four stages explain how a child learns about the world and
processes information
Sensorimotor stage: During this period of cognitive development,
children learn about the world primarily through their senses.
Preoperational stage: This stage is marked by the emergence of language
and learning through pretend play.
Concrete operations stage: During this period, kids begin to utilize logic
but still think about the world very concretely
Formal operations stage: At this point, kids begin to use deductive
reasoning and can understand abstract, hypothetical ideas.
Sensorimotor stage
The sensorimotor stage is the earliest in Piaget's theory of
cognitive development. He described this period as a time of
tremendous growth and change.
Piaget believed that kids take an active role in this cognitive
development, building knowledge as they interact with the
world.
Piaget chose to call this stage the 'sensorimotor' stage because it
is through the senses and motor abilities that infants gain a basic
understanding of the world around them.
Piaget's stages are:
 Sensorimotor stage:
Birth to 2 years
 Preoperational stage:
Ages 2 to 7
 Concrete operational
stage: Ages 7 to 11
 Formal operational
stage: Ages 12 and up
 Sensorimotor stage:
Birth to 2 years
Ages 2 to 7
Ages 2 to 7
 Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7
 Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7
When to Be Concerned
Several important cognitive milestones emerge during the preoperational stage of
development. Some of these include:
Age 2 to 3: Kids begin to engage in pretend play, can follow simple
directions, and can sort objects into different categories.
Age 3 to 4: Kids develop more refined schemas, or categories of
information, that they use to sort and understand objects.
Age 4 to 5: Children's cognitive skills become more refined and they are
better able to imitate the actions of adults.
Age 6 to 7: Kids develop a better understanding of time and more
advanced language skills.
 Concrete operational stage: Ages 7 to 11
Piaget determined that children in the

concrete operational stage were fairly
good at the use of inductive logic
(inductive reasoning)
Inductive logic involves going from a

specific experience to a general
principle.
 Concrete
operational stage:
Ages 7 to 11
 Formal operational stage: Ages 12 and up
The formal operational stage is the fourth and

final stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive
development. It begins at approximately age
12 and lasts into adulthood.
children's thinking becomes much more

sophisticated and advanced. Kids can think
about abstract and theoretical concepts and
use logic to come up with creative solutions to
problems.
 Formal
operational stage:
Ages 12 and up
Constructivist learning theory
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning: Rewards & Punishments, January 22, 2021, by Jonas Koblin;
https://sproutsschools.com/operant-conditioning/
Behaviorist Approach To Psychology: Definition, History, Concepts, And Impact; March 1, 2023, by
Saul Mcleod, PhD; https://simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html
What Is Behaviorism,; November 07, 2022, by Kendra Cherry; https://www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-

psychology-4157183
5 educational learning theories and how to apply them; September 09, 2021 , by Brian Fairbanks;
https://www.phoenix.edu/blog/educational-learning-theories.html
Learning Theories In Psychology; November 16, 2022, by Kendra Cherry;
https://www.verywellmind.com/learning-theories-in-psychology-an-overview-2795082
What Is Cognitive Learning Theory? Strategies & Benefits Of Cognitive Theory?; 17, February 2022, by Mustak
Ahmed,; https://www.iitms.co.in/blog/what-is-cognitive-learning-theory.html
Constructivist Learning Theory; February 21, 2021, By Dr. Serhat Kurt,;
https://educationaltechnology.net/constructivist-learning-theory/

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Learning theories

Behaviorists believe that our actions are

Behavior can be studied in a systematic

Behavioral theory also says that only

Strict behaviorists believe that any person—

Radical behaviorism is rooted in the theory

Behavioral theories are centered on the

The classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov's classic experiments

•Unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus or

It also plays a powerful role in everyday learning. Reinforcement and punishment

Respondent behaviors are those that

Don't have to learn these behaviors. They

Operant behaviors, on the other hand,

Positive reinforcers are favorable events

Negative reinforcers involve the

Positive punishment, sometimes

Negative punishment, also known as

Continuous reinforcement involves

Fixed-ratio schedules are a type of

Responses are reinforced only after a

Fixed-interval schedules are another

Variable-ratio schedules are also a type

Variable-interval schedules are the final

Cognition is defined as the process of gaining knowledge and

The word cognitive comes from ‘’cognition’’, which describes

Perception refers to recognizing the

Concept formation helps to

Memory forms the foundation of the

Application component of the cognitive

As the term suggests, this strategy focuses on

Learning Through Discovery Strategy

 Learning is a continuous process, and there

Learning Through Discovery Strategy

 This strategy helps develop analytical skills

Meaningful Learning Strategy

 The most commonly used technique that

Personalized Learning Strategy

 Each student is a unique individual and has

 Voluntary attempt to learn something

 Implicit learning happens when the

 Occurs when individuals are able to

 The strategy also

 Experiential learning happens

Piaget determined that children in the

Inductive logic involves going from a

The formal operational stage is the fourth and

children's thinking becomes much more

What Is Behaviorism,; November 07, 2022, by Kendra Cherry; https://www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-

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