Wired LANs - Ethernet

ITT400
Introduction To Data Communication

and Networking
Chapter 8
Wired LANs: Ethernet
Mazlan Osman, FSKM, UiTM (Terengganu) 2014

INTRODUCTION
• Local Area Network or LAN is a computer network that
is designed for a limited geographic area such as a
building or a campus.
• The LAN has seen several technologies such as Ethernet,
Token Ring, Token Bus, FDDI, and ATM LAN. But the
most dominant today is Ethernet.
IEEE STANDARDS FOR LANs
In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE

started a project, called Project 802, to set
standards to enable intercommunication
among equipment from a variety of
manufacturers.
Project 802 is a way of specifying functions
of the physical layer and the data link
layer of major LAN protocols.
IEEE STANDARDS FOR LANs
Figure 11.1 IEEE standard for LANs

DATA LINK LAYER
• The data link layer in IEEE is divided into two sublyers:
LLC and MAC.
Logical Link Control (LLC)
• The LLC sublayer is responsible for the flow control,
error control, and part of the framing duties.
Media Access Control (MAC)
• The MAC sublayer is responsible for the operation of
the CSMA/CD method and framing.
11.5
11-2 STANDARD ETHERNET
The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s Palo

Alto Research Center (PARC)
Since then, it has gone through four generations:
Figure 11.3 Ethernet evolution through four generations

MAC SUBLAYER
• The MAC sublayer governs the operation of the access
method.
Frame Format
Figure 11.4 802.3 MAC frame

• The Ethernet frame contains seven fields: preamble, start frame
delimiter (SFD), destination address (DA), source address (SA),
length of protocol data unit (PDU), data and the CRC
11.7
Frame Length
• The minimum frame length for Ethernet is 64 bytes (512
bits) and the maximum frame length is 1518 bytes (12 144
bits).
Figure 11.5 Minimum and maximum lengths

Addressing
• Each station on an Ethernet network (such as PC or printer)
has its own network interface card (NIC).
• The NIC fits inside the station and provides the station with
a 6-byte physical address.
• The Ethernet address is 6 bytes (48 bits), normally written
in hexadecimal notation, with a colon between the bytes.
Figure 11.6 Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation
11.9
Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast Addresses
• A source address is always a unicast address
• The destination address can be unicast, multicast or
broadcast
• The least significant bit of the first byte defines the type
of address
• Unicast destination address defines only one recipient
• Multicast destination address defines a group of
addresses
• Broadcast address is a special case of multicast address
Figure 11.7 Unicast and multicast addresses

11.10
• Example 11.1
Define the type of the following destination addresses:
a. 4A:30:10:21:10:1A b. 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE
c. FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
Solution
To find the type of the address, we need to look at the second hexadecimal
digit from the left.
a. This is a unicast address because A in binary is 1010.
b. This is a multicast address because 7 in binary is 0111.
c. This is a broadcast address because all digits are F’s
• Example 11.2
Show how the address 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE is sent out on line
Solution
The address is sent left-to-right, byte by byte; for each byte, it is sent
right-to-left, bit by bit, as shown below:
11.11
PHYSICAL LAYER
Figure 11.8 Categories of Standard Ethernet
11.12
10Base5: Thick Ethernet
• Uses bus topology with an external transceiver

connected via a tap to a thick coaxial cable.
• Transceiver is responsible for transmitting,
receiving, detecting collisions.
Figure 11.10 10Base5 implementation
11.13
10Base2: Thin Ethernet
• 10Base2 or Thin Ethernet or Cheapernet.

• Uses bus topology, but the cable is much
thinner and more flexible
Figure 11.11 10Base2 implementation

11.14
10Base-T: Twisted-Pair Ethernet
• Uses physical star topology.
• The stations are connected to a hub via two pairs of
twisted cable (create two paths for sending and
receiving)
Figure 11.12 10Base-T implementation
11.15
10Base-F: Fiber Ethernet
• The most common of optical fiber 10-Mbps Ethernet.

• Uses star topology to connect stations to a hub.
• The stations are connected to the hub using two fiber
optic cables.
Figure 11.13 10Base-F implementation
11.16
Summary
Characteristics 10Base5 10Base2 10Base-T 10Base-F

Media Thick coaxial Thin coaxial 2 UTP 2 Fiber
cable cable
Maximum length 500m 185m 100m 2000m
Line encoding Manchester Manchester Manchester Manchester
Table 11.1 Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations
11.17
11-3 CHANGES IN THE STANDARD
The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through

several changes before moving to the higher data rates.
These changes actually opened the road to the evolution
of the Ethernet to become compatible with other high-
data-rate LANs.
11.18
BRIDGED ETHERNET
• In unbridged Ethernet network, the stations share the bandwidth of

the network
• Bridge divides the network into two or more networks, and we can
gain more bandwidth for each segment
11.19
Separating Collision Domains
Collision domain becomes much smaller. For example, without
bridging, 12 stations contend for access to the medium, with bridging
only 3 stations contend for access the medium
11.20 Figure 11.16 Collision domains in an unbridged network and a bridged network
SWITCHED ETHERNET
• The bandwidth is shared only between the station and the switch
• The collision domain is divided into N domains
• Has additional sophistication that allows faster handling of the packets
Figure 11.17 Switched Ethernet
11.21
FULL-DUPLEX ETHERNET
• Station can either send or receive data at the same time simultaneously
• The full-duplex mode increases the capacity of each domain from10 to
20 Mbps
Figure 11.18 Full-duplex switched Ethernet
11.22
11-4 FAST ETHERNET
Designed to compete with other LAN protocols such as
FDDI or Fiber Channel. IEEE created Fast Ethernet under
the name 802.3u
Goals of Fast Ethernet:
• Upgrade the data rate to 100Mbps
• Make it compatible with Standard Ethernet
• Keep the same 48-bit address
• Keep the same frame format
• Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths
11.23
MAC SUBLAYER
• The access method is the same (half duplex with
CSMA/CD).
• A new feature added is called autonegotiation that
allows two devices to negotiate the mode or data rate of
operation.
11.24
PHYSICAL LAYER
• It uses star topology.
• Can be categorized as either two-wire or four-wire.
• Two-wire implementation can be either cat 5 UTP or
fiber-optic cable.
• Four-wire implementation is designed only for cat 3 UTP.
Figure 11.20 Fast Ethernet implementations
11.25
Summary
Characteristics 100Base-TX 100Base-FX 100Base-T4

Media Cat 5 UTP or STP Fiber Cat 4 UTP
Number of wires 2 2 4
Maximum length 100m 100m 100m
Block encoding 4B/5B 4B/5B
Line Encoding MLT-3 NRZ-I 8B/6T
Table 11.2 Summary of Fast Ethernet implementations
11.26
11-5 GIGABIT ETHERNET
The need for an even higher data rate resulted in the design
of the Gigabit Ethernet protocol (1000 Mbps)
The IEEE committee calls the standard 802.3z
Goals of Gigabit Ethernet:
•Upgrade the data rate to 1Gbps
•Make it compatible with Standard or Fast Ethernet
•Use the same 48-bit address
•Use the same frame format
•Keep the same minimum and maximum frame length
11.27
MAC SUBLAYER
• Gigabit Ethernet has two distinctive approaches
medium access:
• half-duplex using CSMA/CD or
• full-duplex without CSMA/CD (no collision)
• To improve efficiency, frame bursting was proposed –
instead of adding an extension to each frame, multiple
frames are sent.
11.28
PHYSICAL LAYER
• It uses star topology
• Can be categorized as either two-wire or four-wire implementation
• Two-wire version can be either fiber-optic cable (1000Base-SX, short-
wave, or 1000Base-LX, long-wave) or STP
• Four-wire version uses cat 5 twisted-pair cable (1000Base-T)
Figure 11.23 Gigabit Ethernet implementations
11.29
Summary
Characteristics 1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-CX 1000Base-T

Media Fiber short- Fiber long- STP Cat 5 UTP
wave wave
Number of wires 2 2 2 4
Maximum length 550m 5000m 25m 100m
Block encoding 8B/10B 8B/10B 8B/10B
Line Encoding NRZ NRZ NRZ 4D-PAM5
Table 11.3 Summary of Gigabit Ethernet implementations
11.30
TEN-GIGABIT ETHERNET
• The IEEE committee created Ten-Gigabit Ethernet and called
802.3ae
• Goals of Ten-Gigabit Ethernet:
• Upgrade the data rate to 10Gbps
• Make it compatible with Standard, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet
• Use the same 48-bit address
• Use the same frame format
• Keep the same minimum and maximum frame length
• Operates only in full duplex mode which CSMA/CD is not used
in Ten-Gigabit Ethernet.
• The physical layer in Ten-Gigabit Ethernet is designed for using
fiber-optic cable over long distance.
11.31
Summary
Characteristics 1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-CX

Media Short-wave 850- Long-wave 1310- Extended 1550-
nm multimode nm single mode mm single mode
Maximum length 300 m 10 km 40 km
Table 11.4 Summary of Ten-Gigabit Ethernet implementations
11.32

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ITT400

Introduction To Data Communication

Mazlan Osman, FSKM, UiTM (Terengganu) 2014

In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE

Figure 11.1 IEEE standard for LANs

The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s Palo

Figure 11.3 Ethernet evolution through four generations

Figure 11.4 802.3 MAC frame

Figure 11.5 Minimum and maximum lengths

Figure 11.6 Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation

Figure 11.7 Unicast and multicast addresses

Figure 11.8 Categories of Standard Ethernet

• Uses bus topology with an external transceiver

Figure 11.10 10Base5 implementation

• 10Base2 or Thin Ethernet or Cheapernet.

Figure 11.11 10Base2 implementation

Figure 11.12 10Base-T implementation

• The most common of optical fiber 10-Mbps Ethernet.

Figure 11.13 10Base-F implementation

Characteristics 10Base5 10Base2 10Base-T 10Base-F

Table 11.1 Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations

The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through

• In unbridged Ethernet network, the stations share the bandwidth of

Figure 11.17 Switched Ethernet

Figure 11.18 Full-duplex switched Ethernet

Figure 11.20 Fast Ethernet implementations

Characteristics 100Base-TX 100Base-FX 100Base-T4

Block encoding 4B/5B 4B/5B

Line Encoding MLT-3 NRZ-I 8B/6T

Table 11.2 Summary of Fast Ethernet implementations

Figure 11.23 Gigabit Ethernet implementations

Characteristics 1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-CX 1000Base-T

Block encoding 8B/10B 8B/10B 8B/10B

Line Encoding NRZ NRZ NRZ 4D-PAM5

Table 11.3 Summary of Gigabit Ethernet implementations

Characteristics 1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-CX

Maximum length 300 m 10 km 40 km

Table 11.4 Summary of Ten-Gigabit Ethernet implementations

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