COUNTRIES & REGIONS

Demographics of Indonesia
 Table of Contents

01 Population structure 04 Employment

Total population of Indonesia 2029 04 Employment by economic sector in Indonesia 2022 22
Population growth in Indonesia 2022 05 Number of workers in Indonesia 2023, by sector 23
Median age of the population in Indonesia 2020 06 Youth unemployment rate in Indonesia in 2023 24
Age structure in Indonesia 2022 07 Number of child labor Indonesia 2019-2023 25
Share of population in Indonesia 2013-2022, by gender 08 Distribution of workers with disabilities Indonesia 2023, by sector 26
Share of population Indonesia 2023, by religion 09
05 Urbanization
02 Fertility and mortality Urbanization in Indonesia 2022 28
Crude birth rate in Indonesia 2012-2022 11 Urban poverty line in Indonesia 2013-2022 29
Life expectancy at birth in Indonesia 2022, by gender 12 Rural poverty line in Indonesia 2014-2023 30
Infant mortality rate in Indonesia 2012-2022 13 Share of people living below the poverty line in Indonesia 2023 by urbanization level 31
Mortality rate in Indonesia 2022, by gender 14 People living below the poverty line in Indonesia 2023, by urbanization level 32
Death rate in Indonesia 2012-2022 15
06 Wage and income
03 Education National per capita income in Indonesia 2014-2023 34
Literacy rate in Indonesia 2020 17 Average monthly net wage of employees Indonesia 2013-2024 35
Literacy rate of population above 15 years old in Indonesia 2023, by province 18 Average monthly net wage Indonesia 2024, by sector 36
Share of young population who never attended school in Indonesia 2014-2023, by gender 19 Average net monthly income of urban casual workers in Indonesia 2023, by age group 37
Education completion rate Indonesia 2023, by education level and gender 20 Average net monthly income of rural casual workers in Indonesia 2023, by age group 38
Average monthly wage Indonesia 2023, by gender 39

1
 Table of Contents

Average monthly net wage Indonesia 2023, by occupation and by gender 40

Gender wage gap Indonesia 2023, by urbanization level 41

07 Migration
Number of immigrants in Indonesia 1990-2020 43
Refugee population in Indonesia 2013-2022 44
Number of Indonesians working abroad 2023, by country of destination 45

2
CHAPTER 01

Population structure
 Indonesia: Total population from 2019 to 2029 (in million inhabitants)
Total population of Indonesia 2029

350

300 287.29 289.62 291.9

279.97 282.46 284.9
272.25 274.86 277.43
266.91 270.2

250
Inhabitants in millions

200

150

100

50

0
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024* 2025* 2026* 2027* 2028* 2029*

4 Description: This statistic shows Indonesia's total population from 2019 to 2023, with projections up until 2029. In 2023, the total population of Indonesia amounted to approximately 277.43 million inhabitants. Read more
Note(s): *Estimates. Read more
Source(s): IMF
 Indonesia: Population growth from 2012 to 2022 (compared to previous year)
Population growth in Indonesia 2022

1.4%
1.26%
1.21%
Population growth compared to previous year

1.2% 1.16%
1.11%
1.06%
1.01%
1.0% 0.97%
0.94%
0.84%
0.8%
0.69%
0.64%
0.6%

0.4%

0.2%

0.0%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

5 Description: The annual population growth in Indonesia declined to 0.64 percent in 2022. The population growth thereby reached its lowest value in recent years. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2012 to 2022
Source(s): World Bank
 Indonesia: Average age of the population from 1950 to 2100 (median age in years)
Median age of the population in Indonesia 2020

50
44.5
45 43.2
41.6
40.1
40 38.5
36.5
35 34
31.7
29.2
Median age in years

30
26.7
25 23.7
20.7
19.1 18.4
20 17.8 17.9

15

10

0
5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 9 0 9 5 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 5 * 0 * 5 * 0 * 5 * 0 * 5 * 0 * 5 * 0 * 5 * 0 * 5 * 0 * 5 * 0 *
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 2 02 2 03 2 03 2 04 2 04 2 05 2 05 2 06 2 06 2 07 2 07 2 08 2 08 2 09 2 09 2 10

6 Description: This statistic shows the median age of the population in Indonesia from 1950 to 2100. The median age is the age that divides a population into two numerically equal groups; that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a
single index that summarizes the age distribution of a population. In 2020, the median age of the Indonesian population was 29.2 years. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; *Estimates. Read more
Source(s): United Nations
 Indonesia: Age structure from 2012 to 2022
Age structure in Indonesia 2022

0-14 years 15-64 years 65 years and older

100%
6.04% 6.08% 6.13% 6.19% 6.25% 6.35% 6.46% 6.59% 6.71% 6.78% 6.86%
90%

80%

70%
Share of total population

60% 66.48% 66.64% 66.79% 66.94% 67.08% 67.22% 67.34% 67.44% 67.57% 67.74% 67.94%

50%

40%

30%

20%
27.48% 27.28% 27.08% 26.88% 26.66% 26.44% 26.2% 25.96% 25.72% 25.48% 25.21%
10%

0%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

7 Description: This statistic shows the age structure in Indonesia from 2012 to 2022. In 2022, about 25.21 percent of Indonesia's total population were aged 0 to 14 years. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia
Source(s): World Bank
 Share of Indonesian population from 2013 to 2022, by gender
Share of population in Indonesia 2013-2022, by gender

Male Female

120%

100%

80%
Share of population

49.63% 49.63% 49.63% 49.62% 49.62% 49.62% 49.63% 49.63% 49.64% 49.65%

60%

40%

50.37% 50.37% 50.37% 50.38% 50.38% 50.38% 50.37% 50.37% 50.36% 50.35%
20%

0%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

8 Description: As of 2022, approximately 49.65 percent of the population in Indonesia were females. The distribution of males to females in the country was almost the same as in the population as a whole and has been stable throughout the past decade.
Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2013 to 2022
Source(s): World Bank
 Share of Indonesian population in 2023, by religion
Share of population Indonesia 2023, by religion

Share of population
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Islam 87.1%

Christianity 7.4%

Catholicism 3.1%

Hinduism 1.7%

Buddhism 0.2%

Confucianism 0.03%

Other 0.04%

9 Description: In 2023, over 87 percent of Indonesians declared themselves to be Muslim, followed by 7.4 percent who were Christians. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world and for this reason is often recognized as a Muslim nation. However,
Indonesia is not a Muslim nation according to its constitution. The archipelago is a multifaith country and officially recognizes six religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2023
Source(s): DataIndonesia.ID; Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)
CHAPTER 02

Fertility and mortality

 Indonesia: Birth rate from 2012 to 2022 (per 1,000 inhabitants)
Crude birth rate in Indonesia 2012-2022

25

20.09
20 19.42 18.95
18.45
Birth rate per thousand population

18.02
17.52 17.18 16.91 16.65 16.42 16.2

15

10

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

11 Description: In 2022, the crude birth rate in Indonesia remained nearly unchanged at around 16.2 live births per 1,000 inhabitants. Yet 2022 saw the lowest rate in Indonesia with 16.2 live births per 1,000 inhabitants. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2012 to 2022; crude birth rate
Source(s): World Bank
 Indonesia: Life expectancy at birth from 2012 to 2022, by gender
Life expectancy at birth in Indonesia 2022, by gender

life expectancy of women at birth life expectancy of men at birth

73.5
72.6
72.4
72.5 71.9
71.63 71.75
71.35 71.47
71.5 70.98
Life expectancy at birth in years

70.78
70.44
70.5
69.74
69.5
68.31 68.48
68.5 67.87 68
67.62 67.79
67.5 67.18 67.23
66.75
66.5 66.18
65.53
65.5

64.5
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

12 Description: The life expectancy experiences significant growth in all gender groups in 2022. Comparing the two different gender groups for the year 2022, the 'life expectancy of women at birth' leads the ranking with 70.44 years. Contrastingly, 'life expectancy of
men at birth' is ranked last, with 66.18 years. Their difference, compared to life expectancy of women at birth, lies at 4.26 years. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia
Source(s): World Bank
 Indonesia: Infant mortality rate from 2012 to 2022 (in deaths per 1,000 live births)
Infant mortality rate in Indonesia 2012-2022

30

25.8
24.9
25 24
23.1
22.3
21.5
20.7
20
Deaths per 1,000 live births

20 19.4
18.7
18.1

15

10

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

13 Description: The infant mortality rate in Indonesia declined to 18.1 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2022. In 2022, the infant mortality rate thereby reached its lowest value in the recent years. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2012 to 2022
Source(s): World Bank
 Indonesia: Adult mortality rate from 2012 to 2022 (per 1,000 adults), by gender
Mortality rate in Indonesia 2022, by gender

female male

260
244.11
240 232.3
219.64
220
205.06 206.26
200.08 199.15 199.77 199.22
200 193.96 192.87
mortality rate

179.77
180 169.93
160.87 161.38
160 152.46 152.84 152.11 151.95 151.49
143.61 142.28
140

120

100
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

14 Description: The statistic shows the adult mortality rate in Indonesia from 2012 to 2022, by gender. According to the source, the adult mortality rate is the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60 - that is, the probability of a 15-year-old dying before
reaching age 60, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year between those ages. In 2022, the mortality rate for women was at 169.93 per 1,000 female adults, while the mortality rate for men was at 232.3 per 1,000 male adults in [...] Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 15-60 years
Source(s): World Bank
 Indonesia: Death rate from 2012 to 2022 (in deaths per 1,000 inhabitants)
Death rate in Indonesia 2012-2022

12

10.06
10 9.59
8.96
Deaths per 1,000 inhabitants

8 7.49 7.46 7.43 7.46 7.53 7.58 7.5 7.54

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

15 Description: The death rate in Indonesia decreased by 0.5 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants (-4.97 percent) since the previous year. Nevertheless, the last two years recorded a significant higher death rate than the preceding years. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2012 to 2022
Source(s): World Bank
CHAPTER 03

Education
 Indonesia: Literacy rate from 2008 to 2020, total and by gender
Literacy rate in Indonesia 2020

Adult total Adult male Adult female

98.0%

97.0%
Share of population ages 15 and above

96.0%

95.0%

94.0%

93.0%

92.0%

91.0%

90.0%

89.0%

88.0%
2008 2009 2011 2014 2015 2016 2018 2020

17 Description: The statistic depicts the literacy rate in Indonesia from 2008 to 2020. The literacy rate measures the percentage of people aged 15 and above who can read and write. In 2020, Indonesia's literacy rate was around 96 percent. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia
Source(s): World Bank
 Literacy rate of population above 15 years old in Indonesia in 2023, by province
Literacy rate of population above 15 years old in Indonesia 2023, by province

Literacy rate
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
North Sulawesi 99.79%

DKI Jakarta 99.69%

Maluku 99.47%

West Sumatera 99.31%

Riau 99.18%

North Sumatera 99.17%

Riau Islands 99.05%

Central Kalimantan 99.03%

East Kalimantan 99.01%

North Maluku 98.81%

South Sumatera 98.73%

West Java 98.51%

Gorontalo 98.49%

South Kalimantan 98.37%

Aceh 98.34%

18 Description: In 2023, Papua province had the lowest literacy rate of population above 15 years old in Indonesia, at around 84 percent. For decades, Indonesia had been focusing its development more on Java Islands. However, since 2002, Indonesian government
has started special funds for Papua to support its development. Despite the extensive financial assistance, Papua’s development growth remains low. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2023; 15 years and older
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Share of population between seven and twenty four years old who have never
attended school in Indonesia from 2014 to 2023, by gender
Share of young population who never attended school in Indonesia 2014-2023, by gender

Male Female

0.9% 0.85% 0.85%

0.82% 0.82%
0.8%
0.8% 0.76%
0.73% 0.74%
0.7%
0.7% 0.65% 0.65% 0.66% 0.65%
0.63% 0.63%
0.6% 0.59% 0.59%
0.6%
Share of population

0.52%
0.49%
0.5%

0.4%

0.3%

0.2%

0.1%

0.0%
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

19 Description: In 2023, approximately 0.65 percent of women in Indonesia who were between seven and 24 years old have never attended school. In comparison, around 0.74 percent of Indonesian men in the same age range never went to school. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2014 to 2023; 7 to 24 years
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Education completion rate in Indonesia in 2023, by education level and gender
Education completion rate Indonesia 2023, by education level and gender

Education completion rate

Male Female

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

98.19%
Elementary school/equivalent
97.47%

92.1%
Junior high school/equivalent
88.86%

69.54%
Senior high school/equivalent
64.14%

20 Description: In 2023, approximately 69.54 percent of the female population who attended school in Indonesia completed their senior high school, slightly higher than the male population. The education completion rate in Indonesia decreases as the education
level gets higher. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2023
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
CHAPTER 04

Employment
 Indonesia: Distribution of employment by economic sector from 2012 to 2022
Employment by economic sector in Indonesia 2022

Agriculture Industry Services

100%

90%

80% 43% 44.07% 44.32% 44.92% 46.46% 47.19% 48.01% 48.98% 48.89% 49.25% 48.85%
Share of total employment

70%

60%

50%
21.07% 20.95% 21.4% 22.04% 21.72%
40% 22.02% 22.27% 22.3% 21.54% 21.76% 21.87%

30%

20% 35.93% 34.98% 34.28% 33.04% 31.82% 30.79% 29.71% 28.72% 29.57% 28.99% 29.28%
10%

0%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

22 Description: The statistic shows the distribution of employment in Indonesia by economic sector from 2012 to 2022. In 2022, 29.28 percent of the employees in Indonesia were active in the agricultural sector, 21.87 percent in industry and 48.85 percent in the
service sector. Indonesia's GDP The economic sector in Indonesia with the biggest share in gross domestic product over the past decade has been the industry sector, closely followed by services. The industry sector makes up around 45.7 percent [...] Read more
Note(s): Indonesia
Source(s): World Bank
 Number of workers aged 15 years and above in Indonesia in 2023, by sector (in
millions)
Number of workers in Indonesia 2023, by sector

Number of workers in millions

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fisheries 39.45

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 26.55

Manufacturing 19.34

Accommodation and food service activities 10.79

Construction 9.25

Education 6.92

Transportation and storage 6.15

Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 4.88

Professional activities and administrative 2.33

Human health and social work activities 2.21

Mining and quarrying 1.66

Financial and insurance services 1.63

Information and communication 0.99

Water supply, sewage, waste management 0.49

Real estate activities 0.48

23 Description: In 2023, approximately 39.45 million people worked in the agricultural, forestry, hunting, and fisheries sector in Indonesia. As the economy of Indonesia has been highly dependent on agriculture, it is no surprise that this sector has been the largest
employer for decades. Nevertheless, agricultural workers had the lowest average monthly salary in the archipelago. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2023; 15 years and older; people who have worked in the past week.
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Indonesia: Youth unemployment rate from 2004 to 2023
Youth unemployment rate in Indonesia in 2023

28%
26.38%
26%
24.71%
23.66%
24% 22.92%
Youth unemployment rate

22%

19.7%
20% 19.18%
18.48%
17.75%
18% 17.27%
16.41%
15.74%16.07%16.04% 16.02%
16%
14.57% 14.77%
13.59% 13.82%14.05%
14% 13.26%

12%

10%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

24 Description: The youth unemployment rate in Indonesia declined to 13.26 percent in 2023. This marks the lowest youth unemployment rate during the observed period. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2004 to 2023; 15-24 years
Source(s): World Bank
 Total number of child labor in Indonesia from 2019 to 2023 (in millions)
Number of child labor Indonesia 2019-2023

1.4

1.2 1.17

1.05
1.01 1.01
Number of child labor in millions

1.0
0.85
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

25 Description: In 2023, the number of child workers in Indonesia amounted to around 1.01 million people. This indicated a decrease of approximately 40 thousand people compared to 2021. Child labor in Indonesia is still an ongoing issue due to poverty and a lack
of access to education in some parts of the country. The pandemic notably affected the problem, as the number of child workers increased in 2020. Although the numbers have decreased since then, they remain higher than the pre-pandemic level. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2019 to 2023; 5 to 17 years; as of August each year
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Distribution of workers with disabilities in Indonesia in 2023, by sector
Distribution of workers with disabilities Indonesia 2023, by sector

Share of workers
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

Agriculture 42.82%

Services 39.63%

Manufacture 17.55%

26 Description: In 2023, approximately 42.82 percent of Indonesian workers with disabilities were employed in the agricultural sector. As of the same year, the share of the disabled population in Indonesia who never attended school or did not finish primary school
was lower than the rest of the population. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2023
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
CHAPTER 05

Urbanization
 Indonesia: Urbanization from 2012 to 2022
Urbanization in Indonesia 2022

57.29% 57.93%
55.99% 56.64%
54.66% 55.33%
53.31% 53.99%
51.96% 52.64%
51.28%
Share of urban population in total population

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

28 Description: This statistic shows the degree of urbanization in Indonesia from 2012 to 2022. Urbanization means the share of urban population in the total population of a country. In 2022, 57.93 percent of Indonesia's total population lived in urban areas and
cities. Indonesia's urban and rural population In 2010, 51 percent of the world’s population lived in cities while 49 percent of the world’s population lived in rural areas. Indonesia is a prime example for this almost equal distribution: In 2010, for [...] Read more
Note(s): Indonesia
Source(s): World Bank
 Urban poverty line in Indonesia from 2013 to 2022 (in 1,000 Indonesian rupiah)
Urban poverty line in Indonesia 2013-2022

600
552

503
Poverty line in thousand Indonesian rupiah

500 475.48
458.38
425.77
401
400 372.11
356.38
326.85

300 275.78

200

100

0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

29 Description: In 2022, Indonesia had an urban poverty line of approximately 552 thousand Indonesian rupiah per month, indicating a constant increase since 2013. The poverty line is the minimum amount of income needed for day to day necessities. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2013 to 2022
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Rural poverty line in Indonesia from 2014 to 2023 (in 1,000 Indonesian rupiah)
Rural poverty line in Indonesia 2014-2023

600

525
513
Poverty line in thousand Indonesian rupiah

500
464
437.9
418.51
392.15
400 370.91
350.42
333.03
296.68
300

200

100

0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

30 Description: In 2023, Indonesia had a rural poverty line of approximately 525 thousand Indonesian rupiah per month, indicating a constant increase from previous years. The poverty line is the minimum amount of income needed for day to day necessities.
Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2014 to 2023
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Share of people living below the poverty line in Indonesia as of March 2023, by
urbanization level
Share of people living below the poverty line in Indonesia 2023 by urbanization level

14%

12.22%
12%

10%
Share of people

8% 7.29%

6%

4%

2%

0%
Urban area Rural area

31 Description: As of March 2023, about 12.22 percent of the rural population lived below the poverty line in Indonesia, which was significantly higher than in urban areas. The poverty line is the minimum amount of income needed for day to day necessities.
Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; March 2023
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Number of people living below the poverty line in Indonesia as of March 2023, by
urbanization level (in millions)
People living below the poverty line in Indonesia 2023, by urbanization level

16

14.16
14

11.74
12
Number of people in millions

10

0
Urban area Rural area

32 Description: As of March 2023, about 14.16 million of the people who lived below the poverty line in Indonesia were living in rural areas, which was higher compared to urban areas. The poverty line is the minimum amount of income needed for day to day
necessities. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; March 2023
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
CHAPTER 06

Wage and income

 National per capita income in Indonesia from 2014 to 2023 (in million Indonesian
rupiah)
National per capita income in Indonesia 2014-2023

60
54.46
52.2
Per capita income in million Indonesian rupiah

50
46.1
42.68 42.26
41.07
40 38.35
36.47
32.96
31.36
30

20

10

0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022* 2023**

34 Description: As of 2023, the national income per capita in Indonesia was estimated at around 54.5 million Indonesian rupiah, up from around 52 million rupiah that was estimated in the previous year. In 2023, Indonesia's gross domestic product stood at about 1.4
trillion U.S. dollars. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2014 to 2023; at current market prices.; *Preliminary figure. **Very preliminary figure. One thousand Indonesian rupiah is equal to approximately 0.064 U.S. dollars and 0.059 euros as of March 2024. Figures have been rounded. [...] Read more
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Average monthly net wage of employees in Indonesia from February 2013 to
February 2024 (in 1,000 Indonesian rupiah)
Average monthly net wage of employees Indonesia 2013-2024

3,300

3,100
Average monthly net wage in thousand In-

2,900

2,700
donesian rupiah

2,500

2,300

2,100

1,900

1,700

1,500
Feb Aug Feb Aug Feb Aug Feb Aug Feb Aug Feb Aug Feb Aug Feb Aug Feb Aug Feb Aug Feb Aug Feb
2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 2021 2021 2022 2022 2023 2023 2024

35 Description: As of February 2024, the average Indonesian employee could expect a net monthly salary of around three million Indonesian rupiah. The highest recorded average monthly net salary was in August 2023, reaching around 3.2 million Indonesian rupiah.
Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; February 2013 to February 2024
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Average monthly net wage in Indonesia as of February 2024, by sector (in million
Indonesian rupiah)
Average monthly net wage Indonesia 2024, by sector

Average wage in million Indonesian rupiah

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Financial and insurance services 5.15

Mining and quarrying 4.94

Electricity and gas 4.85

Information and communication 4.74

Real estate 4.31

Business and entrepreneurship 3.73

Government administration, law enforcement, social security 3.67

Transportation and warehousing 3.63

Health and social services 3.35

Manufacturing 3.03

Construction 2.95

Education 2.84

Water, recycling and waste management 2.69

Wholesale and retail, automobile repairs 2.54

Agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture 2.24

36 Description: As of February 2024, the financial and insurance services sector was the highest-paying sector in Indonesia, with an average monthly net wage of about 5.15 million Indonesian rupiah. By comparison, the agricultural sector was the lowest-paying
sector. However, when it comes to the number of people employed, the reverse is true. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; February 2024
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Average net monthly income of urban casual workers in Indonesia as of February
2023, by age group (in 1,000 Indonesian rupiah)
Average net monthly income of urban casual workers in Indonesia 2023, by age group

2,000
1,787.5
1,800
Average monthly income in thousand Indonesian

1,600
1,478.2
1,400 1,308.2

1,200
rupiah

1,000

800

600

400

200

0
15 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and above

37 Description: As of February 2023, casual workers in urban centers between the ages of 25 to 54 years could expect a net monthly income of around 1.8 million Indonesian rupiah. The average net monthly income for an urban casual worker in that year was around
1.64 million Indonesian rupiah, with different degrees of variation among different provinces in the country. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; February 2023
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Average net monthly income of rural casual workers in Indonesia as of February
2023, by age group (in 1,000 Indonesian rupiah)
Average net monthly income of rural casual workers in Indonesia 2023, by age group

1,800
Average monthly income in thousand Indonesian

1,600 1,553.4
1,437
1,400

1,200 1,150.5

1,000
rupiah

800

600

400

200

0
15 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and above

Age in years

38 Description: As of February 2023, casual workers in rural areas between the ages of 25 to 54 years could expect a net monthly income of around 1.6 million Indonesian rupiah. The average net monthly income for an rural casual worker in that year was around
1.47 million Indonesian rupiah, with different degrees of variation among different provinces in the country. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; February 2023
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Average monthly wage in Indonesia as of August 2023, by gender (in million
Indonesian rupiah)
Average monthly wage Indonesia 2023, by gender

4.0

3.47
3.5
Average monthly income in million Indonesian

3.0
2.64
2.5
rupiah

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
Male Female

39 Description: As of August 2023, the average monthly wage of female workers in Indonesia was 2.64 million Indonesian rupiah, more than 23.8 percent lower than the male worker's wage. Like in many other countries, the female worker's wage in Indonesia is
consistently and significantly lower than the male worker's wage. Read more
Note(s): August 2023
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Average monthly net wage in Indonesia as of August 2023, by type of occupation
and by gender (in million Indonesian rupiah)
Average monthly net wage Indonesia 2023, by occupation and by gender

Average monthly income in million Indonesian rupiah

Male Female

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5.73
Leadership and management personnel
6.98
3.02
Professional, technicians, and other personnel related to it
4.82
3.46
Executive officers, administrative staff, and personnel related to it
4.07
2.31
Sales personnel
3.31
1.67
Service personnel
3.13
2.22
Production workers, transportation equipment operators, and manual workers
3.04
1.53
Agricultural, plantation, animal husbandry, fishery, forestry, and hunting business personnel
2.37
4.13
Others
3.75

40 Description: As of August 2023, the highest average monthly net wage for both male and female workers in Indonesia was from working as leadership and management personnel, with values of around 6.98 million and 5.73 million Indonesian rupiah, respectively.
Overall, male workers had a higher average monthly income compared to female workers. The highest pay gap was found in the professional, technical, and related sectors, where female workers received around 37.26 percent lower [...] Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; August 2023
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
 Gender wage gap in Indonesia as of August 2023, by urbanization level
Gender wage gap Indonesia 2023, by urbanization level

35%

29.48%
30%

25% 23.12%
Gender wage gap

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%
Urban areas Rural areas

41 Description: As of August 2023, the gender wage gap in Indonesian rural areas was around 29.48 percent. This indicates that the average wage for male workers in rural areas was 29.48 percent higher than for female workers. Compared to the previous year, the
gender wage gap in urban and rural areas had increased by about 1.9 and 0.13 percent, respectively. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; August 2023
Source(s): Statistics Indonesia
CHAPTER 07

Migration
 Number of immigrants in Indonesia from 1990 to 2020 (in 1,000s)
Number of immigrants in Indonesia 1990-2020

500
465.61
450

400 378.96
Number of immigrants in thousands

355.51
350 338.12
307.49
292.31 289.31
300

250

200

150

100

50

0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

43 Description: In 2020, there were approximately 355.51 thousand immigrants living in Indonesia. International migrants only amounted to 0.1 percent of total population in Indonesia and they mostly come from East- and South-East Asian countries such as China,
South Korea, Singapore and Thailand. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; mid-year 1990 to mid-year 2020
Source(s): UN DESA
 Refugee population in Indonesia from 2013 to 2022
Refugee population in Indonesia 2013-2022

12,000
10,786
10,287 10,114
9,782 9,982 9,785
10,000

7,824
8,000
Number of refugees

5,954
6,000

4,267
4,000
3,195

2,000

0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

44 Description: The number of refugees residing in Indonesia declined to 9,785 refugees in 2022. Nevertheless, the last two years recorded a significant higher number of refugees residing than the preceding years. Read more
Note(s): Asia, Indonesia; 2013 to 2022
Source(s): World Bank
 Number of Indonesians working abroad 2023, by country of destination (in 1,000s)
Number of Indonesians working abroad 2023, by country of destination

Number of Indonesians in thousands

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Taiwan 83.22

Malaysia 72.26

Hong Kong 65.92

South Korea 12.58

Japan 9.67

Singapore 7.9

Saudi Arabia 6.31

Italy 3.52

Brunei 2.87

Turkey 2.29

Poland 1.52

45 Description: In 2023, there were more than 83 thousand Indonesian nationals working in Taiwan, while around 72 thousand were working in Malaysia. In total, more than 270 thousand Indonesian workers were working overseas that year. Read more
Note(s): Indonesia; 2023
Source(s): Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Agency; Statistics Indonesia
 Sources

DataIndonesia.ID
ILO
IMF
Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Agency
Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)
Statistics Indonesia
UN DESA
United Nations
World Bank

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