NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION plays a crucial role in conveying messages and emotions beyond words.

Here are
some of the most important means of non-verbal communication:
Facial Expressions: The face is incredibly expressive and can convey a wide range of emotions without a single word.
Happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are universal emotions expressed through facial expressions.
Body Language: This includes posture, gestures, and movements. The way a person stands, sits, or moves can indicate
their feelings and attitudes. For example, crossed arms might indicate defensiveness, while open body posture can
signal openness and friendliness.
Eye Contact: Eye contact can regulate the flow of communication, show interest and attention, and convey sincerity or
deceit. It plays a critical role in social interactions, with varying cultural norms.
Gestures: Hand and arm movements can express many things, from pointing and waving to more complex actions like
beckoning or using sign language. Gestures can complement or replace verbal communication.
Proxemics: This refers to personal space and how physically close we get to others. It varies by culture and context,
indicating intimacy, aggression, or formality.
Haptics: Touch is a powerful non-verbal tool. A handshake, hug, pat on the back, or a touch on the arm can convey
support, comfort, and affection, or assert power and control.
Paralanguage: This includes tone of voice, pitch (the degree of highness or lowness of a tone), volume, speed, and
intonation. How something is said can be more important than what is said, indicating emotions like sarcasm, anger,
or enthusiasm.
Appearance: Clothing, accessories, hairstyles, and general grooming (aseo) convey a lot about a person. They can
indicate social status /ˈsteɪ.təs/ , profession, personality, and even mood.
 Posture: The way one stands or sits can indicate confidence,
/səbˈmɪs.ɪv.nəs/
openness, defensiveness, or submissiveness. For instance,
leaning forward can show interest and engagement, while
slouching might indicate disinterest or fatigue.

Silence: Silence can be a powerful communicator. It can signal contemplation, discomfort, disagreement, or consent.
The context of silence often determines its meaning. /ˌpʌnk.tʃuˈæl.ə.ti/
Chronemics: This involves the use of time in communication. Punctuality, the amount of time spent on a task, and
waiting times can all convey messages about respect, importance, and urgency.
Each of these non-verbal communication methods works together with verbal communication to provide a fuller, more
nuanced understanding of the messages being conveyed. Understanding and being aware of these non-verbal prompts
can significantly improve interpersonal communication and relationships.
 Forehead: Eyebrows:
Eyes: Nose: Cheeks:
/braʊ/. Ears: Mouth: Lips: Chin:
Happiness
back to slide 8 anger Jaw: Nostrils: Philtrum:
Temples:
"wrinkle one's nose“-
"raise one's eyebrows.“-
"widen one's eyes.“-
"frown" one's brow.“
Frowning: The eyebrows
concern/
are drawn together,
interest
creating wrinkles or
furrows between them.
Tightened Lips: The lips
surprise/pleasure confusion
may be pressed together
or turned downward at
the corners. Narrowed
Dana Eyes: The eyes might be
slightly squinted or
narrowed, showing
displeasure. Tense Jaw:
The jaw may appear
thoughtfulness clenched or more rigid.
Downturned Mouth:
contempt: noun [ U ] /kən
ˈtempt/(NO RESPECT) a
strong feeling of disliking
and having no respect for
someone or something:
eyebrow: noun [ C ]
/ˈaɪ.braʊ/ the line of short
hairs above each eye in
humans:
4

Not used
/kənˈtrəʊl/
6
5
3

2
back to slide 4
Type 0: present simple, present simple
Type 1: present simple, will+ infinitive
Type 2: past simple, would+ infinitive

type 2
type 0
type 1

Future possibility
Imaginary/impossible
 a If the situation arises (and this is likely to happen), the speaker in
the first sentence is more sure of the desire to work abroad than
the speaker in the second sentence.
b If the situation arises (and this is not very likely to happen), the
speaker in the first sentence is more sure of the desire to work
abroad than the speaker in the second sentence.

normally phone all my friends.

buy myself something nice.
I talk to my brother or friends I trust the most.
sometimes buy the person a coffee or a bunch of flowers.

you'll damage your eyes. (Type 1)

you'll be too tired to study. (Type 1)
I'll take you out for a meal tomorrow. Type 1)
the neighbours weren't so noisy. (Type 2)
 If you had given (past perfect) me your number, I would have sent (would
+have+ past participle) you a text message.

Type 3 conditional sentences are used to imagine different possible results

related to a situation in the past which cannot be changed.

I had received your text message.

If I had been Jill Frame, I if there hadn't been a traffic jam.
wouldn't have crossed the I'd have bought you a present.
motorway. could have watched a DVD together.
If I had been her, I would
have waved to passing
motorists until one of them
phoned the police.
a The holiday has already happened.
b They haven't gone on holiday yet. a Unless you work harder, you'll fail your
exams.
b You'll pass your driving test as long as you
I wouldn't be at university practise enough.
c You can borrow my car provided that you
I'd be in the Caribbean now buy your own petrol.
I'd be able to buy a new car d You can't / mustn't phone me unless you
I'd be earning less money today have some important news.
I wouldn't have to work
I wouldn't be here today
a. we can agree on a destination and activities that we both enjoy.

b. I'll never speak to you again unless you take back what you just said/apologize/say you are sorry.

c. I'll lend you the money you need as long as you pay me back next week/promise to pay me back as
soon as you have the money.
 in spite of the dreadful

hadn't gone off

lend you my phone provided

are responsible for cooking

had I not worn/ if I hadn't worn

enough marks unless you start

 "Speak your mind" means to express your
thoughts, opinions, or feelings openly and
honestly, without holding back.
speak
Hope: To desire something and wish for it
tell
speak
to happen.
say Emotion: Often involves optimism and
told desire.
tell
talking Wait: To stay in a place until an expected
tell event happens or until someone arrives.
Emotion: Usually neutral, can be passive.

Expect: To think or believe something will

happen.
3
4
Emotion: Involves a belief or anticipation of
2
something.
1
Look forward to: To be excited or eager
about a future event.
Emotion: Involves anticipation and
excitement.
 /ˈtʃær.ə.ti/

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 were you
would I
do you

couldn't you
wouldn't you
didn't she
should she
don't they
aren't I
will you
did it

has he

doesn’t he have they

is there
isn't it
shall we
haven't you
do you
 been eating cake, haven’t you?

will you
amazing book, isn’t it?
leaving tomorrow morning, aren’t
plenty of time, haven’t we?
we?
some tea, shall we?

on the list, aren’t I?

go for a walk, shall we?

leaves from Platform 2, doesn’t it?

me the salt, will you?

 SCORE

SCORE
a. The candidates say that volunteering is a good way to meet people, as you work with other volunteers
who have similar interests to you and there is an incentive to get on with your colleagues. The fact that you
are not working for money means there will be less competition.
b. The candidates say that you do not really know if someone is a friend until you meet them. You can think
someone is a friend on a website but change your mind when you meet them in person. Also, social
networking sites don't help when you have moved to a new place.

aren't they?

do they?
don't they?

haven't you?
aren't you?
can't they?

doesn't it?
 fall aren't they?
fall
do they?
rise don't they?
rise
haven't you?
fall aren't you?
fall can't they?
fall
doesn't it?

Intonation usually falls for question tags when you expect agreement and rises when you are not sure
of the answer.
 rise
fall

Sentence 1 goes with rule B. Sentence 2 goes with rule A.

isn’t it
won’t you
are you
have you
wasn’t it
 5 You hear a man talking about an accident he was
involved in. What was the cause of the accident?
A. The speaker had fallen asleep while driving. 
1 You will hear a woman talking about an invitation she turned B. There had been a lot of traffic on the road.
down. What excuse did she make? C. Something had gone wrong with the car.
A. She said she had arranged to go home. 
B. She said she had already eaten. 6 You hear a woman talking about a phone call she
C. She said she didn't like the food. answered. Why was her brother angry?
A. He had wanted to speak to Annie. 
2 You hear a man being interviewed about his job. What is the B. He had wanted to answer the phone himself.
job? C. He had wanted to speak to Barbara.
A. an economist
7 You hear two people talking about something which
B. a TV interviewer
one of them has bought. What was wrong with this
C. a politician 
thing?
3 You hear a woman talking about meeting a neighbour in town. A. It was broken.
Why didn't the speaker say anything about her sister? B. It wasn't genuine. 
A. The rumour was not true. C. It wasn't very good.
B. The neighbour might tell other people. 
8 You hear a woman talking about something she did for
C. She didn't know anything.
her sister. Why didn't she tell her sister her exam
4 You hear a woman talking about a party she went to. Why did results?
she lie to the man? A. She shouldn't have opened the letter.
A. to see how he reacted  B. It would have spoiled her sister's holiday. 
B. to make an impression on him C. She couldn't contact her sister.
C. to keep the conversation going
 4. There is a well-known English saying:
'Sticks and stones may break my bones, but
words can never hurt me: Can you
remember an occasion when you have been
hurt by words or when you have used words
to hurt another person?
A smile involves turning up the corners of the
mouth and often includes the eyes, creating a
warm, friendly, or happy expression.
A sneer involves raising one side of the upper
lip, sometimes with a slight curl, and may
include narrowed or glaring (Staring in a
fierce, angry, or hostile manner) eyes. It
creates a contemptuous (lack of respect) ,
Easy-going:mocking,
Relaxedorand
disdainful
tolerantexpression.
in attitude or manner;
not easily upset or worried.
Nosey: Showing too much curiosity about other people's
affairs.
Self-satisfied: Overly pleased with oneself or one's
achievements.
Chatty: Fond of talking in a friendly and informal way.
Openings should grab the reader's attention in some way.
The opening could:
-gain the reader's sympathy, e.g. Story 2, Introduction A
-seem relevant or familiar to the reader, e.g. Story 3, Introduction A
-raise a question, e.g. Story 1, Introduction B,
-promise interesting factual information, e.g. Story 1, Introduction A or Story 2, Introduction B