POWER RESOURCES

Introduction
All forms of energy can be changed into
power
Energy is found in nature both in renewable
and non renewable forms.
Renewable (which will not run out) includes
solar, wind energy and HEP.
Non renewable form includes fossil fuels and
nuclear energy.
…fossil fuels are non renewable because they
are formed after millions of years
Fossil fuels
Coal
◦ Coal is formed by the decomposition of
vegetative matter like swamp forests in
millions of years
Peat

Lignite

Bituminous

Anthracite
TYPES
It has four types
1. Anthracite:
1. best quality coal
2. Very high carbon content so very high heating value
3. Not available in Pakistan
2. Bituminous:
1. Good quality coal
2. High carbon content so high heating value
3. Lignite:
1. More moisture and ash
2. Low heating value because of low carbon content
continued
4. Peat:
Itis the first stage of formation of coal
Highly vegetative
Very low carbon content
TRANSPORTATION OF COAL
It is transported with the help of trolleys/
trucks from inside the mine to outside.
From outside the mine it is transported to
industries etc with the help of either road
transport e.g. by trucks or
 by rail transport as it is cheaper over
longer distances and can carry large
amount of coal.
Coal Fields of Pakistan
Makerwal coalfield
Makerwal

Salt Range coalfields

Pidh
Dandhot

Quetta coalfields
Degari Shahrig
Mach Harnai

Lakhra
Jhimpir
Sonda
Lower Sindh Coalfields
COAL FIELDS OF PAKISTAN
Name Centre
Quetta Coal field Mach,
Sharig,Degari,
Harnai
Lower Sindh Jhimper, Lakhara,
Sonda
Salt
Range Dandot, Pidh
Makerwal Makerwal
COAL FIELDS OF PAKISTAN
Type of Coal Use
Bituminous Steel Industry
Brick kiln
lignite thermal power
station
Lignite to BituminousBrick Kiln
Sub Bituminous ceramic
USES OF COAL
In iron and steel industry to separate iron
from iron ore through smelting
Is used as fuel in thermal power stations
to produce steam for electricity
As raw material in Brick kiln Industry,
ceramic industry and fertilizer industry
Is used domestically for heating and
cooking
Briquetting
EXTRACTION OF COAL

Coal is mined through following methods

Shaft mining……….when coal is
underground
Adit mining……….when coal is seen on
a hillside
Open cast mining…….When coal
outcrops on the surface
A : Adit B: Shaft
SHAFT MINING
A vertical shaft is dug into the ground
Many shafts are also dug along coal
seams
Dynamite is used for breaking coal seams
Pick and Shovel method is used
Coal with the help of trolleys etc is
brought to the main shaft
Is lifted to the surface with the help of an
elevator etc
ADIT MINING

Horizontal shaft is dug into the ground

There can be many shafts at different
levels
Dynamite is used to break seams
Pick and Shovel method is used
With the help of trolleys, trucks etc., coal
is brought out of the mine
OPEN CAST MINING

Pick and Shovel method is used after

breaking coal seams through dynamite etc
and is then transported by roads/rail to
industries etc
WHY IS COAL IMPORTED?
Low quality coal in Pakistan
 To mix with poorer qualities
Difficult to mine coal reserves in Pakistan
due to thin seams and lack of machinery,
infrastructure, experts etc.
OIL
Oil is formed by the decomposition of
remains of sea animals and sea vegetation
in millions of years
Where it is found:

X: Natural gas Y: Oil Z: Water

WHERE IT IS FOUND

Itis found in anticline

Between two non porous rocks
With natural gas above it and water below it
This feature is called an oil trap because
…….oil is trapped between two non porous
rocks which do not allow it to leak out
…….it reaches the height of anticline but
cannot escape
OIL DRILLING
 A derrick/ oil rig is set up
 Well is drilled
 Rock(s) is broken with the help of diamond
 Water/ mixture of mud is used to reduce heat
 Pipes are inserted/ thrown into well
 Oil quickly comes out when pressure is released
 Valves are used to control the flow of oil in pipes
 The derrick is removed when oil starts flowing in
pipes
Oil Fields Of Pakistan
Potwar Plateau Oil Fields Meyal
Tut Balkasar
Dhullian

Tando Adam
Mazari
Dhabi
Laghari
Lower Sindh Oil Fields
OIL FIELDS IN PAKISTAN

Potowar Plateau oil fields

(Balkasar, Mayal, Dhullian ,tut etc)

Lower Sindh/ Southern Sind oil fields

( Tando Adam, Mazari, Laghari, Dhabi)

OIL REFINERIES
1.Karachi because..
……to refine imported crude oil
……To refine crude oil from southern
Sindh
……more demand due to high population
of Karachi
…..there are many thermal power stations
in Karachi which use oil as fuel
2. Mehmood Kot (near Multan)
…..crude oil is transported from
Karachi to Mehmood Kot through
pipelines
…..high demand in Multan and
surroundings due to high population
……and large number of industries
3. Morgah /Attock Oil (Rawalpindi)
…..crude oil from Potowar plateau is refined
…..high demand in Rawalpindi / Islamabad due
to its population
…..To fulfill the demand in KPK/Gilgit Baltistan
TRANSPORTATION OF OIL
1.Through pipelines
 ADVANTAGES
 Continuous
 Fast
 Large amount
 Cheap after construction of pipelines
 DISADVANTAGES
 Leakage
 Only to main centers
 Only one product
 Expensive to build
2. Through rail tankers

ADVANTAGES
Can reach those areas where pipelines
cannot reach
More than one product
Suitable for small users
DISADVANTAGES
Small amounts
Slow
Accidents
3. Through road tankers
ADVANTAGES
can reach remote areas where pipelines
cannot reach
…..more than one product
…..suitable for small users
DISADVANTAGES
….small amount
…..slow
……accidents
…..theft

 USES
 By products power lubricant fuel
 Wax thermal power machinery vehicles
stations
 Detergents heating

 Plastics
 Furnace oil
Q Explain the uses of oil in farming and
manufacturing. [4]
FARMING
As fuel in machinery
As fuel for tube wells
As lubricant for machinery
As raw material in chemical fertilizers
and pesticides industry
As fuel in thermal power station for
electricity which is then used in
agriculture by tube wells
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Inmachinery as fuel
As lubricant in machinery
For heating
As raw material in chemical industry
Gas Fields of Pakistan

Dhullian

Dhodak

Pirkoh
Zin
Sui
Uch Kandhkot
Khairpur Mari
NATURAL GAS

Sui
Mari
Mayal
Khairpur
Dhullian
Uch
Pirkoh
TRANSPORTATION
1. Through pipelines
ADVANTAGES
Continuous
Fast
Large amount
Cheap after construction of pipelines
DISADVANTAGES
Leakage
Only to main centers
Expensive to build
2. Through cylinders
ADVANTAGES
can reach remote areas
suitable for small users
DISADVANTAGES
Slow
Interrupted supply
Small amount
Expensive
Accidents
USES OF NATURAL GAS

Domestic and commercial uses e.g.

cooking and heating
As raw material in fertilizer industry
Cement Industry as raw material
Chemical industry as raw material
Alternate fuel for vehicles
As fuel in Thermal power stations
Q: Explain the importance of natural
gas as a fuel in Pakistan.
Alternate fuel for vehicles
As fuel in Thermal power station
Cheaper than coal/ Oil
Cleaner than Coal/Oil
Easy transportation than coal
Reduces dependence on imported fuels
e.g. coal, oil
Other fuels are insufficient in Pakistan
Why is natural gas ‘A cheap fuel. Easy to
use’? [4]
produced in Pakistan at Sui etc.
large reserves
lightweight
available in pipelines
portable in cylinders
Explain why a larger percentage of gas
than oil is used in the home. [4]

cheaper
more in Pakistan
transported in pipes
reaches other areas in cylinders
less needed for other uses, e.g. transport
Explain how fossil fuels cause
– air pollution
– land pollution
 air pollution
Create CO2, smoke, smell
 land pollution
Mining, quarrying, oil spills [2]
NEUCLEAR ENERGY

In nuclear energy heat is produced

through nuclear fission by breaking of
atoms
It is used for production of steam in
boilers for electricity
ADVANTAGES
large output
small input of raw material/efficient
long lasting fuel
fossil fuels running out/reduce burden on
other fuels
less pollution/environmentally friendly
will be less need for load-shedding/power
cuts
DISADVANTAGES
expensive to buy fuel
expensive to build
lack of technology/skills
dangerous/risk of radioactivity
disposal of waste is a problem
THERMAL POWER STATIONS
Electricity is produced with the help of
fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels are used to produce steam
in boilers which rotates turbines
….which then turn shaft quickly into a
generator
…..within a magnetic fields, so
electricity is produced.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER

At HEP stations electricity is produced

with the help of water.
HOW IS ELECTRICITY
PRODUCED?
Water of reservoirs passes through the
dam very quickly
It goes into narrow intake pipes which
rotate turbines
…which then turn shaft quickly into a
generator
…..within a magnetic field so electricity
is produced.
HOW IT IS TRANSMITTED

From transformers at HEP stations

electricity goes on to national grid/
transmission lines
which are either underground or
overhead.
Then onto local supply grid
Voltage adjusted
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF DAM
Wet climate/ high rainfall for more water
Cool climate for low evaporation
Deep and narrow valleys for easy
construction of dam
Impervious rocks to reduce seepage
Hard rock for firm foundation of Dam
Areas of glaciers so that more water is
available after melting of snow
Main HEP stations (dams) and their
location

Tarbelaon river Indus

Mangla on river Jehlum
Warsak on river Kabul
WHY NATIONAL GRID?
Kabul
To distribute electricitylnaccording to its
dus
requirement e lum
Jh
Not according to its production
Why renewable resources are
important to Pakistan?
Fossil fuels are expensive
Fossil fuels are running out
Many fossil fuels like oil are imported
The prices of Oil in International Market
are constantly increasing
Nuclear energy is dangerous and its
wastes are difficult to dispose off
Renewable resources are pollution free
Renewable resources are cheaper
NATIONAL GRID

Is a network of long transmission lines

and transformers etc to transfer
electricity to domestic and commercial
consumers
….within different areas of the country
through load centres
WHY NATIONAL GRID?
Kabul
To distribute electricity according to its
requirement e lum
Jh
Not according to its production
PROBLEMS

Long transmission lines are difficult to

install or construct
Difficult and expensive to maintain
Line losses
WHY SHORTAGE OF ELECTRICITY
 Many power stations are not working to their full capacity due
to…
 ….old machinery and poor maintenance
 Silt in reservoirs reduces their capacity and therefore less
electricity is produced
 Silt damages dam machinery
 Less rainfall in winter so less water in reservoirs for HEP
production
 High demand of electricity because of
 …. growing population
 ….Industrialization
 ….Improved standard of living + rural electrification
 RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
To improve standard of living of rural
population
More use of agricultural machinery e.g.
milking machines
More use of tube wells
….. which irrigate large area
To reduce rural urban migration
To improve and expand the cottage and small
scale industry…..
Better access to information technology
Modernization (more use of electronics) which
leads to healthy living
WHAT HAS BEEN DONE FOR
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
Extension of national grid
More thermal power stations
More HEP schemes
Some villages have been provided electricity
through biogas/ solar energy
Private and foreign investment
Government programmes e.g. Village Aid
Program
The government has decided to provide
electricity to those rural areas which will bear
33% of total installation cost
What are the problems of cottage
and small scale industry in those
rural areas which are not served
with electricity?

 Severely limited
 Labour intensive
 Slow output
 Low output
 Work can be done only during day light
 Only a part time activity
Why is it difficult to provide electricity to all
populated areas of Pakistan?
 Pakistan is a large country
 Many areas are remote
 ….Which are cut off by mountains and deserts
 Lack of capital for technology
 It is not feasible to provide electricity to low
population areas
 Long transmission lines are difficult/expensive
to construct and maintain
 Long transmission lines lead to line losses
 Theft
SOLAR ENERGY

It is the energy produced with the help

of sunlight
ADVANTAGES

250-350 sunny days in a year

Continuous sunny days (very rare
continuous rainy, cloudy days)
Pollution free
Cheap
Suitable for rural electrification and
small users
 DISADVANTAGES
Expensive to install
Not suitable for large users/small output
Lack of technology
Lack of experts
Lack of Government attention
Not constant
needs clear skies
not at night
less in winter
BIOGAS

Fermentation of cow dung produces

methane gas which is used for
production of electricity
ADVANTAGES

Cheaper
Efficient disposal of waste
Suitable for rural electrification/small
users
DISADVATAGES

Air Pollution /green house effect

Can lead to shortage of natural
fertilizers …
Not suitable for large scale users
WIND ENERGY

ADVANTAGES
Available due to flat areas of Indus
plain
………due to mountains
………windy on coastal areas
Pollution free
Cheap running cost
DISADVANTAGES
Lack of experts
Lack of Government attention
Expensive to install
Not constant
ineffective if wind speed too low/too high
noisy
small output
can harm wildlife e.g. birds
Name one type of renewable energy.
Explain where the most suitable areas in
Pakistan would be for its development. [4]
Solar – deserts, sunshine, lack of cloud
Wind – coast or mountains, stronger winds
HEP – mountains, deep valleys, more rainfall
Biomass – e.g. bagasse from sugar cane factory,
other farm waste, e.g. straw
Wave – along coast
WHAT IS LOAD SHEDDING

 planned power cuts

Why are thermal power stations
expensive?
They use fossil fuels which are expensive
Many fossil fuels like oil are imported
The prices of oil are constantly increasing
in international market
Cost of machinery
Cost of labour
The private power stations charge high
prices of electricity
Why do power stations frequently
breakdown?

Old machinery
Poor maintenance
Silt damages the machinery of dam
Why is supply of electricity
otherwise unsteady?

Load shedding
Old transmission lines/ poor
maintained transmission lines
Theft
More demand/Burden
How does load shedding affect
business and industry?
Interrupts production
…inefficient use of labour
…inefficient use of machinery
……. May be damaged
…production may be spoilt/ low quality
products
Interrupts supply
…….delay in orders
…….low production
…….loss of income/ profit
……loss of orders
WHAT ALTERNATIVES

Stand by generators
Use of private power stations
UPS
Solar energy
Why has there been increase in production of
power resources in Pakistan?
MORE SUPPLY BECAUSE
More oil fields have been discovered e.g.
mazari
More coal fields have been discovered e.g.
sonda
More gas fields have been discovered e.g.
Pirkoh
More small dams
Foreign investment
continued…
MORE DEMAND BECAUSE

Growing population
More industries
Better standard of living
Modern methods in agriculture
More tube wells
What are the uses of electricity in
secondary industry, agriculture
and offices?
SECONADRY
INDUSTRIES/MANUFACTURING
For machinery
Lighting
Computers
AGRICULTURE

For tube wells

For lighting
For drying crops
Milking machines
OFFICES
Lighting
Communication e.g. fax machines
Computers
Air conditioning
ORGANIZATIONS

KANUPP
CHASNUPP
KESC
IESCO
QESCO
WAPDA
IPPs
PEPCO
What type of power is used in
such rural areas?

Manual power
Animal power
Dynamo