Pure Substances

Chapter 2
Properties of Pure Substance

Properties of Pure Substance
• A pure substance is one that has a homogeneous and invariable
chemical composition.
• It may exist in more than one phase, but the chemical composition is
the same in all phases.
• Thus, liquid water, a mixture of liquid water and water vapor (steam),
and a mixture of ice and liquid water are all pure substances; every
phase has the same chemical composition.
• In contrast, a mixture of liquid air and gaseous air is not a pure
substance because the composition of the liquid phase is different
from that of the vapor phase.
THE PHASE BOUNDARIES
The separation of the phases in a P–T
diagram.
• The term saturation temperature designates the temperature at
which vaporization takes place at a given pressure; it is also
commonly known as the boiling temperature
Water phase diagram.
Carbon dioxide phase diagram.
THE P–v–T SURFACE
T–v diagram for water

showing liquid and vapor
phases (not to scale).
• Assuming that we start at room conditions and heat the liquid water, the
temperature goes up and the volume expands slightly, as indicated in Figure
starting from state A and going toward state B.
• As state B is reached, we have liquid water at 99.6◦C, which is called
saturated liquid.
• Further heating increases the volume at constant temperature (the boiling
temperature), producing more vapor and less liquid that eventually reaches
state C, called saturated vapor after all the liquid is vaporized.
• Further heating will produce vapor at higher temperatures in states called
superheated vapor, where the temperature is higher than the saturated
temperature for the given pressure.
• The difference between a given T and the saturated temperature for the same
pressure is called the degree of superheat
P–v–T S
surface for a substance
that expands on freezing.
P–v–T
surface for a substance
that contracts on
freezing.
P–v
diagram for water
showing liquid and vapor
phases.
• Note:
• For a simple pure substance, the state is defined by two independent
properties.
• Consider the saturated-liquid and saturated-vapor states of a pure
substance.
• These two states have the same pressure and the same temperature, but
they are definitely not the same state.
• In a saturation state, therefore, pressure and temperature are not
independent properties.
• Two independent properties, such as pressure and specific volume or
pressure and quality, are required to specify a saturation state of a pure
substance.
THE TWO-PHASE STATES
• Two phases are in equilibrium at the same P and T and that each of the masses is
in a state of saturated liquid, saturated solid, or saturated vapor, according to
which mixture it is.
T–v diagram for the two-phase liquid–vapor region showing the
quality–specific volume relation.
• f - saturated liquid
• g - saturated vapor
• All of the liquid present is at state f with specific volume vf , and all of
the vapor present is at state g with specific volume vg.
• The total volume is the sum of the liquid volume and the vapor
volume
• quality x can be viewed as the fraction (v − v f )/v f g of the distance between
saturated liquid and saturated vapor,
• Find the overall specific volume for a saturated mixture of water at 200°C and a
quality of 70%.
• From Table B.1.1 we get the specific volume for the saturated liquid and vapor at
200°C
There is no mass of water with that value of specific volume. It represents an

average for the two masses, one with a state of x = 0 and the other with the state
x = 1, both shown in T–v diagram as the border points of the two-phase region.
Independent properties
Table B.5.1
THE IDEAL GAS STATES
• The constant-pressure curve in the T–v diagram and the constant–
specific volume curve in the P–T diagram move toward straight lines
further out in the superheated vapor region.
• A second observation is that the lines extend back through the origin,
which gives not just a linear relation but one without an offset.
Note:
• Values of the gas constant for different gases are listed in Tables A.5
and Table F.4.
• An ideal gas has a specific volume that is very sensitive to both P and
T, varying linearly with temperature and inversely with pressure, and
the sensitivity to pressure is characteristic of a highly compressible
substance.
• If the temperature is doubled for a given pressure the volume
doubles, and if the pressure is doubled for a given temperature the
volume is reduced to half the value.
• A gas bell is submerged in liquid water, with its mass counterbalanced
with rope and pulleys, as shown in Fig. The pressure inside is
measured carefully to be 105 kPa, and the temperature is 21°C. A
volume increase is measured to be 0.75 m3 over a period of 185 s.
What is the volume flow rate and the mass flow rate of the flow into
the bell, assuming it is carbon dioxide gas?
THE COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
• Determine the pressure for water at 200°C with specific volume v =
0.4 m3/kg
Q No 2.68 in text book 10 th edition
Q No 2.81 in text book 8 th edition
2.75 8 th edition
2.52 10 th edition
2.54 8 th edition
2.18 8 th edition
2.42 10 th edition
• Percentage increase =[ (45.55 – 25)/ 25] x 100
• =82.2 %
Exercise 2.100
8 th edition
Exercise 2.113
8 th edition
Table B.4.1
Video references
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKbjRG4Y-HM&t=779s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VREtGyUJ_Ic
Chapter I tutorial
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFwFxgWDm5U

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Chapter 2

Properties of Pure Substance

T–v diagram for water

There is no mass of water with that value of specific volume. It represents an

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