11.water Logging Salinity

Water Logging
&
Salinity
Courtesy
Prof. Dr. Habib-ur-Rehman
Water Logging
• Rise of water table is called water-
logging.
• An agricultural land is said to be water-
logged when its productivity gets
affected by high water table.
• Nutrients like nitrates are required by the
plants which are produced by bacteria,
and they require oxygen for survival.
Water logging kills these bacteria.
• Productivity gets affected when root
zone of plants gets flooded with water
for long time.
Soil water / root zone
Aeration Intermediate zone

Lithosphere zone
Capillary zone
Water Logging (contd.)
As per WAPDA’s criterion, the land having depth to water table is

less than 3 m is classified as water logged area.
Further Categories:
(1) Severely Water Logged Area (D = 0 -1.5 m)
(2) Less Severely Water Logged Area (D = 1.5 – 3 m)
Water Logging (contd.)
Causes of Water Logging
(1) Over and intensive irrigation
(2) Seepage of water from adjoining high lands
(3) Seepage of water through canals
(4) Impervious obstruction
(5) Inadequate natural drainage
(6) Inadequate surface drainage
(7) Excessive rain
(8) Irregular or flat topography
Causes of Water Logging
(1) Over and intensive irrigation
Policy of intensive irrigation increases water table.
To avoid this policy of extensive irrigation should be used.
(2) Seepage of water from adjoining high lands

Water from adjoining high lands may seep into subsoil of affected
land and may raise water table.
(3) Seepage of water through canals

Water may seep through beds and sides of canal network,
reservoirs etc. which increase water table (In Pakistan 69,200 km
canals).
(4) Impervious obstruction

Due to impervious strata water table rises from upstream side.
(5) Inadequate natural drainage
Soil having less permeable substratum below pervious soil will
not able to drain water deep into ground causes high water table.
(6) Inadequate surface drainage

If proper drainage is not available then the storm water constantly
percolates and rise level of water table.
(7) Excessive rain

Excessive rainfall may create temporary water logging (less
intensity for longer durations).
(8) Irregular or flat topography

In steep terrain water is drained quickly but in flat terrain drainage
is poor which raises water table.
Effect of Water Logging
 Normal cultivation operations cannot be carried out easily in wet soil
(makes cultivation operation difficult due to standing water).
 Certain water loving plants like grasses, weeds etc grow fastly in water
logged land and affects the growth of the crops.
 Kills the bacteria which produces nutrients.
 Causes the loss in crop yield.
 Spread of mosquitoes and malaria.
 Destruction of roads due to reduced bearing capacity.
 Water logging leads salinity.
 Causes dampness in buildings, appearance of salts on surface,

weakens the plaster and produces ugly spots.
 If salty soil is used to make bricks, salts appear on the wall surface.
Remedial Measures of Water Logging
1. Lining of canals and water courses
2. Reducing the intensity of irrigation
3. By introducing crop rotation
4. Optimum use of water
5. Providing intercepting drains
6. Provision of efficient drainage system
7. Improving natural drainage of area
8. Introducing to lift irrigation

1. Lining of canals and water courses
Lining of canal system reduces seepages of water.
2. Reducing the intensity of irrigation

In area where there is possibility of water logging,
intensity of irrigation should be reduced.
3. By introducing crop rotation

Certain crops require more water and others requires
less water so by rotation of crops avoid high water
table.
4. Optimum use of water

Certain fixed amount of irrigation gives best results.
Less than and more than that reduces yield.
5. Providing intercepting drains
Intercepting drains along canals should be provided
which prevent seeping canal water from reaching the
water logged area.
6. Provision of efficient drainage system

A good horizontal drainage system provided for
rainstorm water (surface and sub-surface).
7. Improving natural drainage of area

To reduce percolation of water the water should
not stand for longer period.
8. Introducing to lift irrigation

It helps in lowering the water table through tube
wells (vertical drainage).
Dutch Wind Mills pumping water from WLS
Land Drainage
In irrigated area two types of drainage can be provided:
(1) Surface drainage

(2) Sub-surface Drainage / Tile Drainage
1) Surface drainage
Surface drainage is the removal of excess water by using and
construction open ditches, field drains, land grading, and
relative structures.
Open drains which are used to remove water from excess

irrigated area and storm water are broad and shallow called
shallow surface drains.
It carry runoff to outlet drains which are large enough to carry

flood water, these drains called deep surface drains.
Land grading includes continuous land slope towards field

drains.
Shallow surface drains are trapezoidal in cross section

and constructed to carry normal storm water.
Deep surface drains are constructed to carry storm water

plus excess irrigated water from shallow / tile drains.
Difference between Canal and Drain
2) Sub-Surface drainage / Tile Drainage
Subsurface drains are required for soils with poor internal drainage
and high water table.
Tile drains are pipe drains and made up of porous material circular in
cross section.
Diameter may vary from 10 to 30 cm.
These drains laid below ground level and connected with each other
by open joints.
Construction of subsurface drainage is given below:
(I) Envelope filter:

The trenches are back filled with sand and excavated material.
The tile drains should not be placed below less permeable strata.
When it is situated below less permeable strata then they are
surrounded by graded gravels called ‘Envelope Filters’.
It prevent inflow of soil into drain and increases effective tile diameter.
(II) Outlets for tile drains
• Water from tile drain is discharged into some bigger
drains called surface drains.
• The water from tile drains may be discharged by
gravity or pumping.
(A) Gravity outlets

(B) Pump outlets
Spacing of Tile Drains
Layout of Tile Drainage
Tile drains are aligned in
different ways
depending upon
topography of the area.
Various types of layout

of tile drains:
(1) Natural System
(2) Grid Iron System
(3) Herring Bone System
(4) Double Main System
(5) Intercepting Tile
Drains
(1) NATURAL SYSTEM
This system is adopted

in rolling topography
where drainage of
isolated areas is
required.
(2) GRID IRON
SYSTEM
In this system laterals
are provided only on
one side of the main.
It is adopted when land

is practically level.
(3) HERRING BONE
SYSTEM
In this system
laterals join the
main from each side
alternatively.
It is adopted when
main is laid in
depression.
(4) DOUBLE MAIN
SYSTEM
It has two mains with

separate laterals for
each main.
It is adopted when
bottom of depression is
wide.
(5) INTERCEPTING
TILE DRAINS
In this system there is
no laterals drains.
A main is provided at
toe of slope.
It is adopted when
main source of
drainage is from hilly
land.
Salinity
Salinity is the concentration of dissolved salts found in water.
It is measured as the total amount of dissolved salts in parts per

thousand (sometimes called PSU or Practical Salinity Units by
scientists). Ten parts per thousand is equal to one percent.
Injurious salts are Alkali Salts like NaCl, Na2SO4 and Na2CO3.
Na2CO3 is most harmful and NaCl is least harmful. These salts
are soluble in water.
In soils, salt moves with water.
In water logged soils, salt appears on the surface with water due
to capillary action, water gets evaporated leaving layer (5-7.5
cm) of salts on the surface (Efflorescence).
The primary man-made cause of Salinity is irrigation.
River water or groundwater used in irrigation contains salts,

which remain in the soil after the water has evaporated.
Ground affected by Salinity
Salinity Control
The aim of soil Salinity Control is to prevent soil degradation by
salination and Reclaim salty (saline) soils.
Soil reclamation is also called soil improvement, rehabilitation,
remediation, or recuperation. It requires:
(1) Efficient Drainage
(2) Leaching
LEACHING
The primary method of controlling soil salinity is to permit 10-20% of
the irrigation water to leach the soil, be drained and discharged
through an appropriate drainage system.
The salt concentration of the drainage water is normally 5 to 10
times higher than that of the irrigation water, thus salt export not
matches salt import and thus it is removed.
When Sodium Carbonate is present in saline soil, Gypsum (CaSO 4) is
generally added to the soil before leaching by mixing with water.
Na2CO3 reacts with CaSO4, forms Na2SO4 which can be leached out.
Saline Seepage Area
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Water Logging

Soil water / root zone

Aeration Intermediate zone

As per WAPDA’s criterion, the land having depth to water table is

(2) Seepage of water from adjoining high lands

(3) Seepage of water through canals

(4) Impervious obstruction

(6) Inadequate surface drainage

(7) Excessive rain

(8) Irregular or flat topography

 Kills the bacteria which produces nutrients.

 Causes the loss in crop yield.

 Spread of mosquitoes and malaria.

 Destruction of roads due to reduced bearing capacity.

 Water logging leads salinity.

 Causes dampness in buildings, appearance of salts on surface,

2. Reducing the intensity of irrigation

3. By introducing crop rotation

4. Optimum use of water

5. Providing intercepting drains

6. Provision of efficient drainage system

7. Improving natural drainage of area

8. Introducing to lift irrigation

2. Reducing the intensity of irrigation

3. By introducing crop rotation

4. Optimum use of water

6. Provision of efficient drainage system

7. Improving natural drainage of area

8. Introducing to lift irrigation

(1) Surface drainage

Open drains which are used to remove water from excess

It carry runoff to outlet drains which are large enough to carry

Land grading includes continuous land slope towards field

Shallow surface drains are trapezoidal in cross section

Deep surface drains are constructed to carry storm water

(I) Envelope filter:

(A) Gravity outlets

Various types of layout

This system is adopted

It is adopted when land

It has two mains with

It is measured as the total amount of dissolved salts in parts per

In soils, salt moves with water.

The primary man-made cause of Salinity is irrigation.

River water or groundwater used in irrigation contains salts,

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