PUBLICATION

MISCONDUCT
 Published research work can act as a metric of quality of the research work of
the authors as well as of the institutions and organization that support them.

 Review process is a check on the quality of research work .so there must be
certain standards that must be agreed by all parties (i.e editor , publication ,
authors)
There is no standard definition of research or publication misconduct but then definition
that is given by many scientific institutions is that:

Research misconduct is defined as Fabrication , Falsification, or plagiarism

in proposing , performance , or reviewing research, or in reporting research results
FPP Issues in Research

To maintain the standards of publication and to respect the rights of intellectual

property , even publisher must adopt a policy for publication misconduct that
includes Plagiarism , fabrication , falsification , inappropriate authorship ,
duplicate submission/multiple submission , overlapping publication
Falsification
Falsification is the changing or omission of research results (data) to support
claims, hypotheses, other data, etc. Falsification can include the manipulation
of research instrumentation, materials, or processes. Manipulation of images
or representations in a manner that distorts the data or “reads too much
between the lines” can also be considered falsification.

In short
Falsification is the practice of changing data or results intentionally such that misleading
conclusion is drawn.
Fabrication
Fabrication is the construction and/or addition of data, observations, or
characterizations that never occurred in the gathering of data or running of
experiments. Fabrication can occur when “filling out” the rest of experiment
runs, for example. Claims about results need to be made on complete data
sets (as is normally assumed), where claims made based on incomplete or
assumed results is a form of fabrication.

In short
Fabrication is the practice of making up data or results without having performed relevant
research.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is, perhaps, the most common form of research misconduct.
Researchers must be aware to cite all sources and take careful notes. Using or
representing the work of others as your own work constitutes plagiarism, even
if committed unintentionally. When reviewing privileged information, such as
when reviewing grants or journal article manuscripts for peer review,
researchers must recognize that what they are reading cannot be used for
their own purposes because it cannot be cited until the work is published or
publicly available.

In short
Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's thoughts, ideas, data, figures, research
methods, or words without giving appropriate credit, or the over-citation of another
person's published work.
AUTHORSHIP

Plagiarism is to use another person’s thought’s , data , ideas , diagram , words without
giving appropriate citation and credit of person’s published work.
Using or representing the work of others as your own work constitutes plagiarism , even if
committed unintentionally.

Plagiarism: Duplicate submission

It occurs
when an author reuses substantial parts of their own published work without providing the
appropriate references. This can range from publishing an identical paper in multiple
journals, to only adding a small amount of new data to a previously published paper.
Overlapping publication:
Any publication that is
published with the same text, data, materials and methods with the same set of
author/s can be called an overlapping of information. It is an exact duplication of the
originally published/submitted/under review manuscript.

Salami publications:
Salami publication
or segmented publication is a distinct form of redundant publication which is usually
characterized by similarity of hypothesis, methodology or results but not text
similarity.
Authorship and authorship responsibilities

Authorship is generally defined as person or a group of person who have contributed to

research study to be published.

Authorship is a mechanism that enables those who made a significant intellectual

contribution related to a scholarly work product to receive credit for that contribution.
Being listed as an author entails a willingness to be held accountable for the authenticity
of the described work. Among other ethical responsibilities, authors must present their
work accurately, honestly, and sincerely.
Authorship responsibilities

It is the corresponding author’s responsibility to ensure that all named authors have
consented to submission to the journal, approved the submitted version of the article, and
all further revisions.
It is the corresponding author’s responsibility to ensure the paper is not under
consideration by any other journal at the time of submission.
It is the corresponding author’s responsibility to ensure the contact details for all co-
authors are correctly entered into the submission system, and are correct at the time of
submission.
Changes in authorship
Any changes to authorship during the publication process must be approved by all authors
of the paper, and all authors must confirm to the journal that they give their consent and
made a genuine intellectual contribution to the paper.
In addition, you must explain to the journal the reasons behind the change in authorship
based on the guidelines above. IOP Publishing reserves the right to refuse requests if there
is reason to doubt the legitimacy of the request.
Authorship responsibilities
In short:
The primary author assumes responsibility for the publication,
making sure that the data are accurate, that all deserving authors have been
credited, that all authors have given their approval to the final draft; and handles
responses to inquiries after the manuscript is published.
Conflict Of Interest

When submitting a research paper to a journal, magazine, or other

platform, you may be required to disclose any potential conflicts of interest. Conflicts of
interest are widespread in academic and scientific publications. Conflicts of interest have
the potential to skew several aspects of research, including how a study is designed, how
data is collected, processed, and published, and who is involved in the work.
Their sheer presence is not unethical; but, failing to recognize or declare them is, and this
can tarnish a researcher’s reputation. It is the obligation of everyone engaged in research
and publishing, particularly researchers, to identify and declare any conflicts for the
publication to go smoothly.
Types of conflicts of interest

It is important to take account of how actions and relationship may be perceived , weather
or not a conflict of interest actually exists. Apparent conflicts may undermine trust and be
as damaging as an actual conflict.

Identifying a conflict of interest doesn’t automatically mean that an activity has to stop;
the activity can usually proceed if there is a process in place to manage/minimise the
conflict in a way that will insure the intergrity of your work and safeguard you and your
university’s reputation.

TYPES:
• Financial conflicts of interest
• Non-financial conflicts of interest
Example
• A Financial Conflict of Interest in research is present when a Significant Financial
Interest affects, or could appear to affect, the professional judgment of a researcher
when designing, conducting, or reporting research.
• A non-financial conflict of interest is any situation where you are not affected
financially by a decision but are affected in some other way that might make you
biased or appear to be biased.
Frauds example:

A reviewer informed a journal editor that the design of a population-based

survey was flawed and he was convinced the survey could not have been
carried out as reported because the follow-up rate was impossibly high and he
doubted the authors had the financial resources to have undertaken a study
that involved collecting data in several countries. He had scanned Medline
and found 3 other studies with similar authorship, each with a similar protoco
but different populations, which seemed to him equally unlikely. Neither the
authors nor the head of their institutions responded to letters of enquiry from
the editor.
Check here more :

https://publicationethics.org/case/multiple-complainants-single-article

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/comment/frauds-in-indian-scientific-research-789742

https://publicationethics.org/appeals
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