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Learn with Sunit DAY - 2

Sir
DAY - 2

UNIT
POLYNOMIALS
2
 Day 2
UNIT Polynomials
2 Syllabus for 2024 - 25 Session

Zeros of a polynomial. Relationship between zeros and coefficients of

quadratic polynomials.
UNIT Polynomials
2
Day 2

• The Graph of the corresponding equation y = ax2 + bx + c has one of the two shapes
either open upwards or open downwards depending on whether a > 0 or a < 0.
(These curves are called parabolas.)

• The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0, are precisely the x-

coordinates of the points where the parabola representing y = ax2 + bx + c intersects
the x-axis.
UNIT Polynomials
2
Day 2

• From our observation earlier about the shape of the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, the
following three cases can happen:

Case (i) : Here, the graph cuts x-axis at two distinct points .

The x-coordinates of are the two zeroes of the quadratic polynomial

y = ax2 + bx + c in this case.
UNIT Polynomials
2
Day 2

Case (ii) : Here, the graph cuts the x-axis at exactly one point, i.e., at two coincident
points. So, the two points A and A’ of Case (i) coincide here to become one point A

The x-coordinate of A is the only zero for the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c in this
case.
UNIT Polynomials
2
Day 2

Case (iii) : Here, the graph is either completely above the x-axis or completely below the
x-axis. So, it does not cut the x-axis at any point.

So, the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c has no zero in this case.

UNIT Polynomials
2
Day 2

Remark : In general, given a polynomial p(x) of degree n, the graph of y = p(x) intersects
the x-axis at atmost n points. Therefore, a polynomial p(x) of degree n has at most n
zeroes.
 Look at the graphs in Fig. given below. Each is the graph of y = p(x),
Example 1 where p(x) is a polynomial. For each of the graphs, find the number of
zeroes of p(x).

Day 2
 The graphs of y = p(x) are given in Fig. below, for some polynomials p(x).
Exercise 2.1 1 Find the number of zeroes of p(x), in each case.

Day 2
UNIT Polynomials
2
Day 2

Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial

In general, if and are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c,
a ≠ 0, then we know that x – and x – are the factors of p(x).

Therefore,
ax2 + bx + c = k(x – ) (x – ), where k is a constant
= k[x2 – ()x + ]
= kx2 – k()x + k]

Comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both the sides, we get
a = k, b = – k() and c = k
This gives
and
UNIT Polynomials
2
Day 2

i.e., sum of zeroes =

product of zeroes =
 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2+ 7x + 10, and verify the
Example 2 relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.

Day 2
 Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 3 and verify the relationship
Example 3 between the zeroes and the coefficients.

Day 2
 Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are
Example 4 - 3 and 2, respectively.

Day 2
UNIT Polynomials
2
Day 2

if are the zeros of the cubic polynomial then

 Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the
Exercise 2.2 1 relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.
(i) x2 – 2x – 8 (ii) 4s2 – 4s + 1 (iii) 6x2 – 3 – 7x
(iv) 4u2 + 8u (v) t2 – 15 (vi) 3x2 – x – 4

Day 2
 Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and
Exercise 2.2 2 product of its zeroes respectively.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

(vi)

Day 2
DAY - 2

UNIT PAIR OF LINEAR

3 EQUATIONS IN TWO
VARIABLES
 Day 2
UNIT Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3 Syllabus for 2024 - 25 Session

Pair of linear equations in two variables and graphical method of their

solution, consistency/ inconsistency.

Algebraic conditions for number of solutions. Solution of a pair of linear

equations in two variables algebraically – by substitution, by elimination.
Simple situational problems.
UNIT Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3
Day 2

A pair of linear equations in two variables a1x + b1y + c1= 0 and a2x + b2y + c2= 0 can be
represented, and solved, by the:

(i) Graphical method.

(ii) Algebraic method
UNIT Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3
Day 2

Graphical Method of Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations

• A pair of linear equations which has no solution, is called an inconsistent pair of

linear equations.

• A pair of linear equations in two variables, which has a solution, is called a consistent
pair of linear equations.

• A pair of linear equations which are equivalent has infinitely many distinct common
solutions. Such a pair is called a dependent pair of linear equations in two variables.

• Note that a dependent pair of linear equations is always consistent.

UNIT Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3
Day 2

The graph of a pair of linear equations in two variables is represented by two lines.

(i) If the lines intersect at a point, then that point gives the unique solution of the two
equations. In this case, the pair of equations is consistent.

(ii) If the lines coincide, then there are infinitely many solutions — each point on the line
being a solution. In this case, the pair of equations is dependent (consistent).

(iii) If the lines are parallel, then the pair of equations has no solution. In this case, the
pair of equations is inconsistent.
UNIT Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3
Day 2

If a pair of linear equations is given by a1x + b1y + c1= 0 and a2x + b2y + c2= 0, then the
following situations can arise :

(i) : In this case, the pair of linear equations is consistent.

(ii) : In this case, the pair of linear equations is inconsistent.

(ii) : In this case, the pair of linear equations is dependent and consistent.
UNIT Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3
Day 2

If a pair of linear equations is given by a1x + b1y + c1= 0 and a2x + b2y + c2= 0, then

Compare the ratios Graphical representation Algebraic interpretation

Exactly one solution

Intersecting lines
(unique)

Coincident lines Infinitely many solutions

Parallel lines No solution

 Check graphically whether the pair of equations
Example 1 x + 3y = 6 (1)
and 2x – 3y = 12 (2)
is consistent. If so, solve them graphically.

Day 2
 Graphically, find whether the following pair of equations has no solution,
Example 2 unique solution or infinitely many solutions:
5x – 8y + 1 = 0 (1)
(2)

Day 2
 Champa went to a ‘Sale’ to purchase some pants and skirts. When her friends
Example 3 asked her how many of each she had bought, she answered, “The number of
skirts is two less than twice the number of pants purchased. Also, the number of
skirts is four less than four times the number of pants purchased”. Help her
friends to find how many pants and skirts Champa bought.

Day 2
 Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find
Exercise 3.1 1 their solutions graphically.
(i) 10 students of Class X took part in a Mathematics quiz. If the number
of girls is 4 more than the number of boys, find the number of boys and
girls who took part in the quiz.

Day 2
 (ii) 5 pencils and 7 pens together cost ₹ 50, whereas 7 pencils and 5 pens
Exercise 3.1 1 together cost ₹ 46. Find the cost of one pencil and that of one pen.

Day 2
 On comparing the ratios , and , find out whether the lines representing the
Exercise 3.1 2 following pairs of linear equations intersect at a point, are parallel or
coincident:
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0 (ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0 (iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0
7x + 6y – 9 = 0 18x + 6y + 24 = 0 2x – y + 9 = 0

Day 2
 On comparing the ratios , and , find out whether the following pair of
Exercise 3.1 3 linear equations are consistent, or inconsistent.
(i) 3x + 2y = 5 ; 2x – 3y = 7 (ii) 2x – 3y = 8 ; 4x – 6y = 9
(iii) (iv) 5x – 3y = 11 ; – 10x + 6y = –22
(v) + 2y = 8 ; 2x + 3y = 12

Day 2
 Which of the following pairs of linear equations are
Exercise 3.1 4 consistent/inconsistent? If consistent, obtain the solution graphically:
(i) x + y = 5, 2x + 2y = 10
(ii) x – y = 8, 3x – 3y = 16
(iii) 2x + y – 6 = 0, 4x – 2y – 4 = 0
(iv) 2x – 2y – 2 = 0, 4x – 4y – 5 = 0

Day 2
 Half the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose length is 4 m more
Exercise 3.1 5 than its width, is 36 m. Find the dimensions of the garden.

Day 2
 Given the linear equation 2x + 3y – 8 = 0, write another linear equation in
Exercise 3.1 6 two variables such that the geometrical representation of the pair so
formed is:
(i) intersecting lines (ii) parallel lines (iii) coincident lines

Day 2
 Draw the graphs of the equations x – y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0.
Exercise 3.1 7 Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed by these
lines and the x-axis, and shade the triangular region.

Day 2
UNIT Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3
Day 2

Algebraic Methods of Solving a Pair of Linear Equations

1. Substitution Method : We shall explain the method of substitution by taking some

examples.
UNIT Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3
Day 2

To understand the substitution method more clearly, let us consider it stepwise:

Step 1 : Find the value of one variable, say y in terms of the other variable, i.e., x from either equation,
whichever is convenient.

Step 2 : Substitute this value of y in the other equation, and reduce it to an equation in one variable, i.e., in
terms of x, which can be solved. Sometimes, as in Examples 9 and 10 below, you can get statements with
no variable. If this statement is true, you can conclude that the pair of linear equations has infinitely many
solutions. If the statement is false, then the pair of linear equations is inconsistent.

Step 3 : Substitute the value of x (or y) obtained in Step 2 in the equation used in Step 1 to obtain the value
of the other variable.

Remark : We have substituted the value of one variable by expressing it in terms of the other variable to
solve the pair of linear equations. That is why the method is known as the substitution method.
 Solve the following pair of equations by substitution method:
Example 4 7x – 15y = 2 (1)
x + 2y = 3 (2)

Day 2
 Solve the following question—Aftab tells his daughter, “Seven years ago,
Example 5 I was seven times as old as you were then. Also, three years from now, I
shall be three times as old as you will be.” (Isn’t this interesting?)
Represent this situation algebraically and graphically and solve it by the
method of substitution.

Day 2
 In a shop the cost of 2 pencils and 3 erasers is ₹ 9 and the cost of 4
Example 6 pencils and 6 erasers is ₹18. Find the cost of each pencil and each eraser.

Day 2
UNIT Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3
Day 2

This statement is true for all values of y. However, we do not get a specific value of y as a
solution. Therefore, we cannot obtain a specific value of x. This situation has arisen
because both the given equations are the same. Therefore, Equations (1) and (2) have
infinitely many solutions.

We cannot find a unique cost of a pencil and an eraser, because there are many
common solutions, to the given situation.
 Two rails are represented by the equations
Example 7 x + 2y – 4 = 0 and 2x + 4y – 12 = 0. Will the rails cross each other?

Day 2
 Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method.
Exercise 3.2 1 (i) x + y = 14 (ii) s – t = 3 (iii) 3x – y = 3
x–y=4 9x – 3y = 9

(iv) 0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3 (v) (v)

0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3

Day 2
 Solve 2x + 3y = 11 and 2x – 4y = – 24 and hence find the value of ‘m’ for
Exercise 3.2 2 which y = mx + 3.

Day 2
 Form the pair of linear equations for the following problems and find their
Exercise 3.2 3 solution by substitution method.
(i) The difference between two numbers is 26 and one number is three
times the other. Find them.

Day 2
 (ii) The larger of two supplementary angles exceeds the smaller by 18
Exercise 3.2 3 degrees. Find them.

Day 2
 (iii) The coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats and 6 balls for ₹ 3800. Later,
Exercise 3.2 3 she buys 3 bats and 5 balls for ₹ 1750. Find the cost of each bat and each
ball.

Day 2
 (iv) The taxi charges in a city consist of a fixed charge together with the
Exercise 3.2 3 charge for the distance covered. For a distance of 10 km, the charge paid
is ₹ 105 and for a journey of 15 km, the charge paid is ₹ 155. What are the
fixed charges and the charge per km? How much does a person have to
pay for travelling a distance of 25 km?

Day 2
 (v) A fraction becomes , if 2 is added to both the numerator and the
Exercise 3.2 3 denominator. If, 3 is added to both the numerator and the denominator it
becomes . Find the fraction.

Day 2
 (vi) Five years hence, the age of Jacob will be three times that of his son.
Exercise 3.2 3 Five years ago, Jacob’s age was seven times that of his son. What are their
present ages?

Day 2
UNIT Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3
Day 2

Elimination Method
Now let us consider another method of eliminating (i.e., removing) one variable. This is
sometimes more convenient than the substitution method. Let us see how this method
works.
 The ratio of incomes of two persons is 9 : 7 and the ratio of their
Example 8 expenditures is 4 : 3. If each of them manages to save ₹ 2000 per month,
find their monthly incomes.

Day 2
UNIT Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
3
Day 2

Remarks :
The method used in solving the example above is called the elimination method, because we eliminate
one variable first, to get a linear equation in one variable.
Step 1 : First multiply both the equations by some suitable non-zero constants to make the coefficients of
one variable (either x or y) numerically equal.

Step 2 : Then add or subtract one equation from the other so that one variable gets eliminated. If you get
an equation in one variable, go to Step 3.
If in Step 2, we obtain a true statement involving no variable, then the original pair of equations has
infinitely many solutions.
If in Step 2, we obtain a false statement involving no variable, then the original pair of equations has no
solution, i.e., it is inconsistent.

Step 3 : Solve the equation in one variable (x or y) so obtained to get its value.

Step 4 : Substitute this value of x (or y) in either of the original equations to get the value of the other
variable.
 Use elimination method to find all possible solutions of the following
Example 9 pair of linear equations :
2x + 3y = 8 (1)
4x + 6y = 7 (2)

Day 2
 The sum of a two-digit number and the number obtained by reversing
Example 10 the digits is 66. If the digits of the number differ by 2, find the number.
How many such numbers are there?

Day 2
 Solve the following pair of linear equations by the elimination method and
Exercise 3.3 1 the substitution method :
(i) x + y = 5 and 2x – 3y = 4 (ii) 3x + 4y = 10 and 2x – 2y = 2
(iii) 3x – 5y – 4 = 0 and 9x = 2y + 7 (iv) and

Day 2
 Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find their
Exercise 3.3 2 solutions (if they exist) by the elimination method :
(i) If we add 1 to the numerator and subtract 1 from the denominator, a
fraction reduces to 1. It becomes if we only add 1 to the denominator.
What is the fraction?

Day 2
 (ii) Five years ago, Nuri was thrice as old as Sonu. Ten years later, Nuri will
Exercise 3.3 2 be twice as old as Sonu. How old are Nuri and Sonu?

Day 2
 (iii) The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 9. Also, nine times this
Exercise 3.3 2 number is twice the number obtained by reversing the order of the digits.
Find the number.

Day 2
 (iv) Meena went to a bank to withdraw ₹ 2000. She asked the cashier to
Exercise 3.3 2 give her ₹ 50 and ₹ 100 notes only. Meena got 25 notes in all. Find how
many notes of ₹ 50 and ₹ 100 she received.

Day 2
 (v) A lending library has a fixed charge for the first three days and an
Exercise 3.3 2 additional charge for each day thereafter. Saritha paid ₹ 27 for a book kept
for seven days, while Susy paid ₹ 21 for the book she kept for five days.
Find the fixed charge and the charge for each extra day.

Day 2