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    Chapter 4 Probability Distribution

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    Tengku Hafiy

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    Chapter 4 Probability Distribution

    Uploaded by

    Tengku Hafiy
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    Chapter 4 Probability Distribution (1)

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    22 views27 pages

    Chapter 4 Probability Distribution

    Uploaded by

    Tengku Hafiy

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    CHAPTER 4

    Probability Distribution
    CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
    Two characteristics

    1. The probability that x assumes a value in any interval lies in


    the range 0 to 1

    2. The total probability of all the (mutually exclusive) intervals


    within which x can assume a value of 1.0
    Area under a curve between two points.
    Total area under a probability distribution curve.
    Area under the curve as probability.

    Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E


    Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
    Probability that x lies in the interval 65 to 68 inches.
    The probability of a single value of x is zero.
    NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
    Properties of a Normal Probability Distribution

    A normal probability distribution , when plotted, gives


    a bell-shaped curve such that:
    1. The total area under the curve is 1.0.
    2. The curve is symmetric about the mean.
    3. The two tails of the curve extend indefinitely.
    Normal distribution with mean μ and standard deviation
    σ.
    Total area under a normal curve.
    A normal curve is symmetric about the mean.
    Areas of the normal curve beyond μ ± 3σ.
    Three normal distribution curves with the same mean
    but different standard deviations.

    x
    Three normal distribution curves with different means
    but the same standard deviation.
    STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBTUION
    Definition

    The normal distribution with μ = 0 and σ = 1 is called the


    standard normal distribution.

    z Values or z Scores
    The units marked on the horizontal axis of the standard
    normal curve are denoted by z and are called the z values
    or z scores. A specific value of z gives the distance between
    the mean and the point represented by z in terms of the
    standard deviation.
    The standard normal distribution curve.
    STANDARDIZING A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
     Converting an x Value to a z Value
     For a normal random variable x, a particular value of x can be
    converted to its corresponding z value by using the formula

    x
    z

     where μ and σ are the mean and standard deviation of the
    normal distribution of x, respectively.
    Area between x = 25 and x = 32.
    APPLICATIONS OF THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
    Sections 6.1 and 6.2 discussed the normal distribution, how
    to convert a normal distribution to the standard normal
    distribution, and how to find areas under a normal
    distribution curve. This section presents examples that
    illustrate the applications of the normal distribution.
    Finding an x Value for a Normal Distribution
    For a normal curve, with known values of μ and σ and for a
    given area under the curve to the left of x, the x value is
    calculated as
    x = μ + zσ
    Example
    It is known that the life of a calculator manufactured by
    Calculators Corporation has a normal distribution with a
    mean of 54 months and a standard deviation of 8 months.
    What should the warranty period be to replace a
    malfunctioning calculator if the company does not want to
    replace more than 1% of all the calculators sold?
    Solution
    Area to the left of x = .01 or 1%

    Find the z value from the normal distribution table for .0100.
    Table IV does not contain a value that is exactly .0100.

    The value closest to .0100 in the table is .0099. The z = -2.33.

    x = μ + zσ = 54 + (-2.33)(8)
    = 54 – 18.64 = 35.36
    Solution
    Thus, the company should replace all calculators that start to
    malfunction within 35.36 months (which can be rounded to
    35 months) of the date of purchase so that they will not
    have to replace more than 1% of the calculators.
    Figure 6.48 Finding an x value.
    Example
    According to the College Board, the mean combined
    (mathematics and critical reading) SAT score for all college-
    bound seniors was 1012 with a standard deviation of 213 in
    2011. Suppose that the current distribution of combined SAT
    scores for all college-bound seniors is approximately normal
    with a mean of 1012 and a standard deviation of 213.
    Jennifer is one of the college-bound seniors who took this
    test. It is found that 10% of all current college-bound
    seniors have SAT scores higher than Jennifer. What is
    Jennifer’s SAT score?
    Solution
    Area to the left of the x value = 1.0 - .10 = .9000

    Look for .9000 in the body of the normal distribution table.


    The value closest to .9000 in Table IV is .8997, and the z
    value is 1.28.

    x = μ + zσ = 1012 + 1.28(213)
    = 1012 + 272.64 = 1284.64 ≈ 1285

    Thus, Jennifer’s combined SAT score is 1285.


    Finding an x value.

    Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 8/E


    Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

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