Waterqualityparameters

W AT ER
Q U A LIT Y
PARAMETERS
Intoduction
Sources
Impact
Preventive
Measures
ADD A FOOTER 2
Introduction
• Water quality is the physical,
chemical and biological
characteristics of water.
• Water quality is measured by several
factors, such as the concentration of
dissolved oxygen, bacteria levels
etc.
• It is important for ecosystem ,
drinking purpose, agiculture 3
etc.
WHAT IS WATER QUALITY?
Water is basic to human life &

the well-being of nature. It has
two measurements that are
firmly connects: amount &
quality. Water quality is regularly
characterize by its physical,
synthetic, organic & appearance
attributes. A solid situation is
one in which the water quality
backings a rich & fluctuated
network of life forms & ensures
general well-being.
Importance of Water:
 Water is an essential commodity
to all life
 Without water, there can be no
life.
Every living thing--plants, animals,
and people--must have water to
live.
 Water is used in almost all
activities of life support
systems
 Water is a major abiotic factor
in the environment
Natural water:
 Theendless circulation of water
between atmosphere, lithosphere,
hydrosphere and biosphere is
known as hydrologic cycle.
 We get water from Precipitation of
water vapor in the atmosphere
World’s Water Distribution:
Earth has tremendous amount of
water
Three fourth’s of the earth surface is
covered by water
97% of World’s water is in the seas
and oceans. This water is saline.
 Only 3% is present on the continents.
This water is fresh.
 The distribution of water over land
is uneven.
Water is everywhere:
 Water is a common substance.
 It fills the oceans, rivers,
and lakes.
 It is in the ground and also
in the air we breathe.
 Water is used for drinking, all
domestic purposes,
agriculture, industrial
applications, cleaning and
recreation.
Quality determines its Usage:
 Water has its own taste, color,
smell and constituents.
 Not all water can be used for
all purposes.
Eg. Sea water can not be
used by us for drinking.
 The suitability of water for
different purposes is
determined by its quality
parameters.
Quantity and quality:
 On an average, each person in
a developed country uses about
260 litres of water a day in the
home.
 The Quality of water is
equally important than
quantity.
Even if present in huge
amounts, we can not use
salt water in many life
Characteristics of
Water:
 Water is a good solvent
 Water never occurs in its
pure form
 All waters contain some dissolved
substances
 The quality of water is
determined by these substances.
 It has the ability to dissolve
many inorganic and organic
substances.
Water Quality Parameters:
Water has its own
Physical properties
 Chemical composition and
Biological Properties
Physical Properties:
 Temperature
 Colour
 Odor
Turbidity
Electrical Conductivity
Temperature (T) of Water:
Essential for all environmental
studies
 Controls many ecological
processes including
chemical reactions.
 T of surface water varies
from space and time
T of groundwater varies not
only with reference to space and
time but also with reference to
depth.
Temperature of Water:
Measured using Thermometers

 It ranges from 0 to 100 degree Celsius
 Unit of measurement is degree
Celsius
 The temperature of Surface water is
influenced by the atmospheric
conditions
 The temperature of groundwater is
controlled by the thermal
characteristics of bedrocks and
Color of water:
 The color of water is due to
the suspended particles and
organic matter
Ranges form light to dark
brown
Brownish color in water comes
due to the presence of iron
Greenish color in pond water is
seen due to the presence of
organic substances including
algae
Odor:
Pure water is odorless
When water dissolves other
substances, the odor is
determined by them
Mostly decayed organic
substances give fouling
smell
Inorganic substances give earthy
smell
Turbidity:
Muddiness in water
 Comes due to suspended
particlesfrom clay, silt and
organic matter
 Controls the transparency of
water
Transparency is measured using
Secchi Disc
 Water Turbidity is measured
using Nephelometer
Electrical Conductivity(EC):
Ability of a substance to conduct
an electrical current.
 The presence of charged ionic
species makes water
conductive.
 It is measured using E C meters.
Directly related to temperature of
water.
 Unit of measurement is
mmhos/cm at std temperatures.
Ranges from 100-1,00,000
Pure water is less conductive
Chemical properties:
 pH
 Total Dissolved Solids(TDS)

 Major ions
 Minor or trace elements
 Hardness
Salinity
Alkalinity
pH of water:
Refers to the effective
concentration of hydrogen ions
in water
 It ranges from 0 to 14.
Measured using pH meters
 Water is said to be acidic( less
than 7)
or alkaline ( above 7) depending
on the relative concentration of
hydrogen ions from the neutral
value which is 7.
Total Dissolved
Solids(TDS):
Concentration of non-volatile
substances present in colloidal
or molecular state
 Total of all ions present in water,
expressed in ppm or mg/L
Increases due to dissolution of more
mineral substances by water on its
path
 TDS determines the suitability of
water for our use and
consumption.
Quality of Water :
Total dissolved solids(ppm)
 < 1000 fresh water
1000-10,000 brackish
10,000 to 1,00,000 water
saline
 > 1,00,000 hypersaline or
brine
Classification of
Dissolved constituents:
Basis of concentrations-
mg/L
 Charges( positive or
negative)
Level of Toxicity ( toxic or
non-toxic)
Based on Concentrations:
Major ions( > 10 mg/L)
◦ Mostly Bicarbonate, calcium, Magnesium,
Chloride, sodium, sulphate and silicon
 Minor ions ( 0.1-10 mg/L)
◦ Mostly Carbonate, fluoride, nitrate, potassium,
iron, strontium, boron.
Trace elements( < 0.1 mg/L)
◦ Mostly Aluminium, Arsenic, Barium,
Bromide, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt,
Copper, Lead, Zinc, Nickel, Phosphate, Silver,
Tin and Vanadium.
Based on ionic Charges:
Major ions
Positively charged =
Cations
Negatively charged = anions
Major Cations in water:
 Calcium
 Magnesium
 Sodium
 Potassium
( Source:
lithosphere)
Major Anions in Water:
Bicarbonate
 Carbonate
Chloride
Sulphate
 Nitrate
Phosphate
Trace elements in water:
Play a significant role in the use
of water
 Some are essential elements for
health & growth
 Some are injurious to health
and toxic also.
Deficiency or excess intake of
some of these elements may
cause serious health
problems to life.
Hardness:
 Hardness of water is defined as its
content of metallic ions which
react with sodium soaps to
produce a residue
Expressed as total concentration of
Calcium and Magnesium in ppm.
 Total hardness= 2.5 Ca + 4.1 Mg.
Softwater (Temporary)
 Hardwater (permanent ).
Salinity of Water:
 Comes due to sodium
and chloride
 Sea water contains
35,000 ppm or mg/L of
dissolved salts
Alkalinity of water:
Combined effect of Bicarbonates
and Carbonates with calcium
ions
It has a direct relationships with
pH.
Carbonates will be noticeable
for water having a pH of
more than 8.2
Biological Properties:
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Biochemical
Oxygen
Demand(BOD)
 Chemical
oxygen
Demand(COD)
Microorganisms-Bacterial
counts
Dissolved Oxygen(DO):
Is
related to the solubility of air in
water at 0 deg. C
Solubilityof oxygen in water decreases
with high temperatures
 Important property for aquatic
organisms
Surface water bodies should have enough
DO
IfD O depletes, it will be difficult to
many aquatic organisms for their
survival.
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand(BOD):
Is
a measure of the biodegradable
material
Itis determined by incubating a water
sample and measuring the decrease in
dissolved oxygen as bacteria decompose
these materials.
Chemical Oxygen
Demand(COD):
Is determined by chemical
oxidation of water with
dichromate
Water Quality Parameters:
Limits the suitability of water
for different purposes
 Drinking
 Domestic consumption
Agriculture
Industrial Processes
Cleaning and Recreation.

Water Quality
Standards
Permissible limits
United States Public Health Drinking
Water Standards(USPH)
Indian Standards Institution (ISI)
World Health Organization (WHO)
CONCLUSION
Water is an essential natural resource
for the life of all living things. Any
irresponsible behaviour in the part
of humanity affects all the other
beneficiaries.
Consequently, there is a need to 7
protect water bodies from

deliberate pollution.
Thank You

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W AT ER

Water is basic to human life &

Measured using Thermometers

 Total Dissolved Solids(TDS)

Cleaning and Recreation.

Consequently, there is a need to 7

protect water bodies from

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