THEMES:MOBILE

PHONE NETWORKS

GRADE:XI
‘’WHAT IS A MOBILE PHONE NETWORKS’’
• A cellular network or mobile network is a telecommunications network where
the link to and from end nodes is wireless and the network is distributed over
land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver
(typically three cell sites or base transceiver stations). These base stations
provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission
of voice, data, and other types of content. A cell typically uses a different set of
frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide
guaranteed service quality within each cell.[citation needed][1]
• When joined together, these cells provide radio coverage over a wide
geographic area. This enables numerous portable transceivers (e.g.,
mobile phones, tablets and laptops equipped with mobile broadband modems
, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and
telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the
transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
• Cellular networks offer a number of
desirable features;
• More capacity than a single large
transmitter, since the same frequency can
be used for multiple links as long as they
are in different cells
• Mobile devices use less power than a
single transmitter or satellite since the
cell towers are closer
• Larger coverage area than a single
terrestrial transmitter, since additional
cell towers can be added indefinitely and
are not limited by the horizon
• Capability of utilizing higher frequency
signals (and thus more available
bandwidth / faster data rates) that are
not able to propagate at long distances
• With data compression and multiplexing,
several video (including digital video) and
audio channels may travel through a
higher frequency signal on a single
wideband carrier
• Major telecommunications providers
have deployed voice and data
cellular networks over most of the
inhabited land area of Earth. This
allows mobile phones and
mobile computing devices to be
connected to the
public switched telephone network
and public Internet access. Private
cellular networks can be used for
research]or for large organizations
and fleets, such as dispatch for local
public safety agencies or a taxicab
company, as well as for local wireless
communications in enterprise and
industrial settings such as factories,
warehouses, mines, power plants,
substations, oil and gas facilities and
ports
 ‘’Concept’’
• In a cellular radio system, a land area to be supplied
with radio service is divided into cells in a pattern
dependent on terrain and reception characteristics.
These cell patterns roughly take the form of regular
shapes, such as hexagons, squares, or circles
although hexagonal cells are conventional. Each of
these cells is assigned with multiple frequencies
(f1 – f6) which have corresponding radio base stations
. The group of frequencies can be reused in other
cells, provided that the same frequencies are not
reused in adjacent cells, which would cause
co-channel interference.
• The increased capacity in a cellular network, compared with
a network with a single transmitter, comes from the mobile
communication switching system developed by Amos Joel of
Bell that permitted multiple callers in a given area to use the
same frequency by switching calls to the nearest available
cellular tower having that frequency available. This strategy
is viable because a given radio frequency can be reused in a
different area for an unrelated transmission. In contrast, a
single transmitter can only handle one transmission for a
given frequency. Inevitably, there is some level of interference
from the signal from the other cells which use the same
frequency. Consequently, there must be at least one cell gap
between cells which reuse the same frequency in a standard
frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) system.
• Consider the case of a taxi company,
where each radio has a manually
operated channel selector knob to
tune to different frequencies. As
drivers move around, they change
from channel to channel. The drivers
are aware of which frequency
approximately covers some area.
When they do not receive a signal
from the transmitter, they try other
channels until finding one that works.
The taxi drivers only speak one at a
time when invited by the base station
operator. This is a form of
time-division multiple access (TDMA
 ‘’History’’
• The history of cellular phone technology began on December 11, 1947 with an internal memo
written by Douglas H. Ring, a Bell Labs engineer in which he proposed development of a
cellular telephone system by AT&T.[5]
• The first commercial cellular network, the 1G generation, was launched in Japan by
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo.
Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan
and became the first nationwide 1G network. It was an analog wireless network. The
Bell System had developed cellular technology since 1947, and had cellular networks in
operation in Chicago and Dallas prior to 1979, but commercial service was delayed by the
breakup of the Bell System, with cellular assets transferred to the
Regional Bell Operating Companies.
• The wireless revolution began in the early 1990s,[6][7][8] leading to the transition from analog to
digital networks.[9] This was enabled by advances in MOSFET technology. The MOSFET,
originally invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959,[10][11] was
adapted for cellular networks by the early 1990s, with the wide adoption of power MOSFET,
LDMOS (RF amplifier), and RF CMOS (RF circuit) devices leading to the development and
proliferation of digital wireless mobile networks. [9][12][13]
• The first commercial digital cellular network, the 2G generation, was launched in 1991. This
sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G analog
network operators.
 ‘’Cell signal encoding’’
• To distinguish signals from several different transmitters,
frequency-division multiple access (FDMA, used by analog and D-AMPS[
citation needed]
systems), time-division multiple access (TDMA, used by GSM)
and code-division multiple access (CDMA, first used for PCS, and the basis
of 3G) were developed.[1]
• With FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used by different
users in each cell are different from each other. Each cellular call was
assigned a pair of frequencies (one for base to mobile, the other for
mobile to base) to provide full-duplex operation. The original AMPS
systems had 666 channel pairs, 333 each for the CLEC "A" system and
ILEC "B" system. The number of channels was expanded to 416 pairs per
carrier, but ultimately the number of RF channels limits the number of
calls that a cell site could handle. FDMA is a familiar technology to
telephone companies, which used frequency-division multiplexing to add
channels to their point-to-point wireline plants before
time-division multiplexing rendered FDM obsolete.
• With TDMA, the transmitting and receiving time slots used by different users in
each cell are different from each other. TDMA typically uses digital signaling to
store and forward bursts of voice data that are fit into time slices for transmission,
and expanded at the receiving end to produce a somewhat normal-sounding voice
at the receiver. TDMA must introduce latency (time delay) into the audio signal. As
long as the latency time is short enough that the delayed audio is not heard as an
echo, it is not problematic. TDMA is a familiar technology for telephone
companies, which used time-division multiplexing to add channels to their point-to-
point wireline plants before packet switching rendered FDM obsolete.
• The principle of CDMA is based on spread spectrum technology developed for
military use during World War II and improved during the Cold War into
direct-sequence spread spectrum that was used for early CDMA cellular systems
and Wi-Fi. DSSS allows multiple simultaneous phone conversations to take place on
a single wideband RF channel, without needing to channelize them in time or
frequency. Although more sophisticated than older multiple access schemes (and
unfamiliar to legacy telephone companies because it was not developed by
Bell Labs), CDMA has scaled well to become the basis for 3G cellular radio systems.
• Other available methods of
multiplexing such as MIMO, a more
sophisticated version of
antenna diversity, combined with
active beamforming provides much
greater spatial multiplexing ability
compared to original AMPS cells, that
typically only addressed one to three
unique spaces. Massive MIMO
deployment allows much greater
channel reuse, thus increasing the
number of subscribers per cell site,
greater data throughput per user, or
some combination thereof.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM) modems offer an increasing
number of bits per symbol, allowing
more users per megahertz of
bandwidth (and decibels of SNR),
greater data throughput per user, or
 ‘’Structure of the mobile phone cellular network’’
• A simple view of the cellular mobile-radio network consists of the
following:
• A network of radio base stations forming the base station subsystem.
• The core circuit switched network for handling voice calls and text
• A packet switched network for handling mobile data
• The public switched telephone network to connect subscribers to the
wider telephony network
• This network is the foundation of the GSM system network. There are
many functions that are performed by this network in order to make sure
customers get the desired service including mobility management,
registration, call set-up, and handover.
• Any phone connects to the network via an RBS (Radio Base Station) at a
corner of the corresponding cell which in turn connects to the
Mobile switching center (MSC). The MSC provides a connection to the
public switched telephone network (PSTN). The link from a phone to the
RBS is called an uplink while the other way is termed downlink.
RECEIVED:PAJTIM
QATO

WORKED BY:REA
DOKO
PAULINA DHOKLE
KLEDJON SADO
ENRI SADO