Chapter 2 Networking Concepts

COMPUTER NETWORKING
CHAPTER ONE: COMPUTER NETWORKING
• After completing this chapter you will learn:

• Explain Computer Networking
• How Computer Network supports
• Understand Basic Terminology of Computer
Networking
• Types of Networks
INTRODUCTION
• A computer network is a telecommunications

network that allows computers to exchange
data.
• The physical connection between networked
computing devices is established using either
cable media or wireless media.
• The best-known computer network is the
internet.
NETWORK SUPPORTS OUR LIVES
Network supports everything we do in todays era.
The Way We Communicate
The Way We Work
The Way We Play

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
1 FILE SHARING : A person sitting at one workstation of a network can easily see the files
present on the other workstation, provided he is authorized to do so.
2 RESOURCE SHARING : All computers in a office can be interconnected using a

network and one printer can efficiently provide the services to all four members.
3
INCREASE STORAGE CAPACIY : A standalone computer might fall short of storage
memory, but when many computers are on a network, memory of different
computers can be used in such case.
4
INCREASE COST EFFICIENCY : Computer networks resolve this issue as the software can
be stored or installed on a system or a server and can be used by the different
workstations
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
1
SECURITY ISSUES : A computer hacker can get unauthorized access by using
different tools. In case of big organizations, various network security software are
used to prevent the theft of any confidential and classified data.
2
RAPID SPREAD OF COMPUTER VIRUSES : If any computer system in a network
gets affected by computer virus, there is a possible threat of other systems
getting affected too.
3 EXPENSIVE SETUP: Costly devices like routers, switches, hubs, etc., can add up
to the bills of a person trying to install a computer network.
4
DEPENNDECY ON MAIN SERVER : In case the main File Server of a computer
network breaks down, the system becomes useless. In case of big networks, the File
Server should be a powerful computer, which often makes it expensive.
BASIC TERMINOLOGY USED IN COMPUTER NETWORK
Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules and standards that basically define a language that
devices can use to communicate. There are a great number of protocols in use extensively
in networking, and they are often implemented in different layers.
Packet : Collection of data that can be used by computers which need to communicate with
each other, usually as part of a network.
Firewall: A firewall is a program that decides whether traffic coming into a server or going
out should be allowed. A firewall usually works by creating rules for which type of traffic is
acceptable on which ports. Generally, firewalls block ports that are not used by a specific
application on a server.
Network segmentation : is a network security technique that divides a network into

smaller, distinct sub-networks that enable network teams to compartmentalize the sub-
networks and deliver unique security controls and services to each sub-network.
BASIC TERMINOLOGY USED IN COMPUTER NETWORK
1 SERVER : Server refers to the "nerve center" of any network. It typically needs to be much more high-
powered than a regular desktop workstation.
2 Workstation : This refers to each person's computer. Your front and back office staff computers
and the machines in the examination room will be workstations on the network.
3 Cat-5 cable : This term refers to "category 5" cable used when your network is hard-wired.
4
Hard-wired : This means that all the workstations in the office plug into a network outlet
using physical cabling to transport data to and from the server.
Network Interface : is a software interface to networking hardware. For instance, if you have
5 two network cards in your computer, you can control and configure each network interface
associated with them individually.
6 Connection : refers to pieces of related information that are transferred through a network.
7 Gateway : A gateway is a device that routes traffic between networks. For example, at home, your
router is your gateway. It provides a “gateway” between your LAN and WAN.
COMPUTER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
• Computer Network Architecture is

defined as the physical and logical design
of the software, hardware, protocols, and
media of the transmission of data. Simply
we can say that how computers are
organized and how tasks are allocated to
the computer.
TYPES OF NETWORKS
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
• Personal area network (PAN) is an

interconnection between different devices like
smartphone, tablet, computer and other digital
devices.
• PAN is used for a personal purpose like data
sharing among devices and it has a range of 10
meters.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PAN
Advantages of PAN are:
• No extra space requires
• Connect to many devices at a time
• Easy to use
• Reliable
• Secure
• Portable
Disadvantages of PAN are:
• Less distance range
• Interfere with radio signals
• Slow data transfer
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
• LAN is a group of computers and other systems located

reasonably close to one another within a building or site.
• This makes it possible for users to communicate and share
resources. This could be for example within a campus or
company premises. LANs can be small, linking as few as three
computers.
• But they can often link hundreds of computers used by
thousands of people.
• The development of standard networking protocols and
media has resulted in the worldwide growth of LANs
throughout the business and educational organizations.
ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL AREA NETWORK
• Easy to troubleshoot
• Cheap to install and monitor
• More secure
• Less vulnerable to attenuation
• Low error rates
• It has a faster data transfer rate
WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN)
• Functioning like a LAN, WLANs make use of wireless network technology, such as Wi-Fi.
• Typically seen in the same types of applications as LANs, these types of networks don’t
require that devices rely on physical cables to connect to the network.
ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS LOCAL AREA
NETWORK (WLAN)
• . It’s a reliable sort of communication.
• As WLAN reduces physical wires so it’s a versatile way of communication.

• It provides high rate thanks to small area coverage.
• You’ll also move workstation while maintaining the connectivity.
• For propagation, the sunshine of sight isn’t required

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
• It is a network that covers an entire city or town. It is

created by connecting several LANs.
• For example, it can be a network covering all the police
stations in a big city, local government authorities, and
colleges among others.
• They make use of wireless infrastructure or optical fiber
connections to link sites.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages of MAN are:
• It enhances communication
• It offers a faster passage of data.
Disadvantages of MAN are:
• It is expensive to install and maintain.
• It’s susceptible to tapping.
• It has high error rates.
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
• A WAN connects computers together across longer physical

distances.
• This allows computers and low-voltage devices to be
remotely connected to each other over one large network
to communicate even when they’re miles apart.
• The Internet is the most basic example of a WAN,
connecting all computers together around the world.
• Because of a WAN’s vast reach, it is typically owned and
maintained by multiple administrators or the public.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
Advantages of WAN are:
WAN
• Centralized infrastructure
• Privacy
• Increased Bandwidth
• An increased area of coverage
Disadvantages of WAN are:
• It is expensive to install and maintain
• Have high error rates
• It is susceptible to tapping
• It is slow
• Prone to security issues
• Resolution of issues takes time

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COMPUTER NETWORKING

CHAPTER ONE: COMPUTER NETWORKING

• After completing this chapter you will learn:

• A computer network is a telecommunications

Network supports everything we do in todays era.

The Way We Communicate

The Way We Work

The Way We Play

2 RESOURCE SHARING : All computers in a office can be interconnected using a

Network segmentation : is a network security technique that divides a network into

• Computer Network Architecture is

• Personal area network (PAN) is an

• LAN is a group of computers and other systems located

• As WLAN reduces physical wires so it’s a versatile way of communication.

• You’ll also move workstation while maintaining the connectivity.

• For propagation, the sunshine of sight isn’t required

• It is a network that covers an entire city or town. It is

• A WAN connects computers together across longer physical

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