ANTENNA

ANTENNA
An electrical device which
creates an electromagnetic
field that proceeds out from
the transmitting antenna to
the receiver's antenna, which
then converts the
electromagnetic wave into
electrical signals that are
applied to the receiver's input
stages.
ANTENNA
ANTENNA
• Antennas are required by
receivers and transmitters to
couple its electrical connection
to the electromagnetic field.

• They are used to convey signals

(information) in systems
including broadcast radio,
television, mobile telephones,
Wi-Fi data networks, satellite
links, wireless remote sensors,
and more.
ANTENNA
• Antennas can be categorized as
omnidirectional or directional.

• Omnidirectional antennas
receive or radiate more or less
in all directions.

• Directional or beam antennas

are intended to preferentially
radiate or receive in a
particular direction.
ANTENNA Parameters
• Resonant Frequency - antennas are expected to be used around a
particular resonant frequency and must therefore be built to match
the frequency range of the intended application.
𝑓𝑟 =1/2 π √ 𝐿𝐶
• Impedance - antenna impedance relates the voltage to the current
at the input to the antenna. It is required that the antenna be
"impedance matched" to the transmission line or the antenna will
not radiate.
ANTENNA Parameters
• Gain - antenna gain is a measure of power radiated in a
particular direction. The gain describes how well the
antenna converts input power into radio waves headed in
a specified direction or vice versa.
• Radiation Pattern - a plot of the relative field strength of
the radio waves emitted by the antenna at different
angles.
• Bandwidth – describes the range of frequencies over
which the antenna can properly radiate or receive energy.
ANTENNA Parameters
• Efficiency - ratio of the power delivered to the
antenna relative to the power radiated from the
antenna.

• Polarization - is the polarization of the radiated

fields produced by an antenna. Antennas transmit
and receive in exactly the same manner, a
horizontally polarized antenna cannot
communicate with a vertically polarized antenna.
Near and Far Fields
The term near field refers to the field pattern that is close to the antenna,
and the term far field refers to the field pattern that is at great distance.
 Antenna Efficiency
The efficiency of an antenna is a ratio of the The antenna efficiency (or
power delivered to the antenna relative to the radiation efficiency) can be
power radiated from the antenna. A high written as the ratio of the
efficiency antenna has most of the power radiated power to the input
present at the antenna's input radiated away. A power of the antenna:
low efficiency antenna has most of the power
absorbed as losses within the antenna, or
reflected away due to impedance mismatch.
The total efficiency of an antenna is the radiation
efficiency multiplied by the impedance mismatch
loss of the antenna, when connected to a
transmission line or receiver (radio or transmitter).
This can be summarized in

Equation:
ET = antenna’s total efficiency
ER = antenna’s radiation efficiency
ML = antenna’s loss due to impedance
What causes an antenna to not have an efficiency of
100% (or 0 dB)? Antenna efficiency losses are
typically due to:
• conduction losses (due to finite conductivity of the metal that forms
the antenna)
• dielectric losses (due to conductivity of a dielectric material near an
antenna)
• impedance mismatch loss
ANTENNA GAIN
Antenna Gain (G) can be related to
directivity (D) and antenna efficiency by:

• describes how much power is transmitted in the

direction of peak radiation to that of an isotropic
source.

• sometimes discussed as a function of angle

• In this case, we are essentially plotting the radiation

pattern, where the units (or magnitude of the pattern)
are measured in antenna gain.

• gain is the 'peak gain' over all directions

 𝑃𝑜
𝐴𝑝=
𝑃𝑖
MATCHING
• input impedance of an antenna needs to be reasonably
close to the amplifier impedance, otherwise the signal
is reflected back to the amplifier and not radiated by
the antenna.

• real goal of matching circuit design is to obtain the

best possible power transfer between the amplifier and
the antenna, resulting in optimal antenna efficiency.

• Quarter wave transformers, Stub matching, and

Broadband matching
 ANTENNA length
Antenna length is relative to wavelength. Wavelength is the distance a
radio wave travels during one cycle.
Antenna length is defined by the
formula

For the length of a half wave dipole

For the length of a grounded dipole
 RESONANT/NON-
RESONANT
The majority of antenna designs are based on
the resonance principle.
ESONANT ANTENNA
• its input impedance is entirely real,.

• impedance matching of an antenna to a

transmission line and receiver easier, as
the imaginary part of the impedance does
not need tuned out.

• more efficient at converting (receiving or

transmitting) current between the field
and the antenna's feed-point
NON-RESONANT
• still works but requires more sensitive receiver
or more powerful transmitter.
• does not use dipoles
• usually terminated with a matching load
resistor
• have broader bandwidth and a radiation
pattern that has only one or two main lobes.
Examples of non-resonant antennas
 ANTENNA
•
• MATERIAL
Antennas are consist of one or more conductors
Antenna also include some means of support to maintain position.
 Antenna conductors

There are many types of material used for antenna conductors. Two types that
are mainly used are WIRE and TUBING. Other types of antenna conductors
are WATER and PLASMA
Wire antenna
Soft-drawn or annealed copper wire
• easiest to handle
• wire will be used under little or no
tension, or where some change in
length can be tolerated

Hard-drawn copper wire or Copper-weld

• harder to handle
• significant stretch cannot be
Wire antenna can either be tolerated.
classified as soft-drawn or hard-
drawn.
Aluminum tubing
When tubing is required, aluminum tubing is used
most often.
• light
• high conductivity
• oxide coating that protects the
metal from further corrosion

Direct contact with certain

metals especially ferrous
metals such as iron or steel can
bring about galvanic corrosion
of aluminum and its alloys.
WATER
water molecules behave like tiny
dipole antennas that attempts to
align themselves with the oscillating
electromagnetic field. Any ultra-high
frequency tag antenna that is within
close proximity to water will lose
energy to water molecules because
the molecules will effectively form a
lower impedance path for absorption
of EM energy.
plasma
Highly ionized plasma is a good conductor and thus it
is used as transmission line for guiding waves.

When the gas is not ionized, it allows other antennas

to transmit and receive without any interference.
Plasma antenna can be used for
• military applications,
• faster internet,
• public safety networks,
• radio and television broadcasting,
• and space communications
BAND
MULTI-
BAND
A multiband antenna is an antenna
designed to operate in multiple bands of
frequencies. Multiband antennas use a
design in which one part of the antenna
is active for one band, while another part
is active for a different band.
BROADBAN
D
a wide bandwidth data transmission with an
ability to simultaneously transport multiple
signals and traffic types

antenna may be described as "broadband"

because it is capable of receiving a wide range
of channels
DIFFERENT ANTENNA
TYPES
Antennas can be classified into different type depending on
radiation pattern, design, and theory behind it.
MONOPOLE
• class of radio antenna consisting
ANTENNA of a straight rod-shaped
conductor, often mounted
perpendicularly over some type
of conductive surface, called a
ground plane.
• a monopole has an
omnidirectional radiation
pattern
• It radiates vertically polarized
radio waves.
MONOPOLE presents a 3 dB gain higher than the dipole antenna. The

ANTENNA
radiation resistance is proportional to
(h/λ)2, this latter is therefore decreasing the square of the
antenna height h
MONOPOLE
ANTENNA
DIPOLE
ANTENNA
• dipole antenna or doublet is
the simplest and most widely
used class of antenna. It
consists of two identical
conductive elements such as
metal wires or rods, which are
usually bilaterally
symmetrical.
TYPES OF DIPOLE
ANTENNA

1. Short dipole
2. Half-wave dipole
3. Quarter-wave
dipole
4. Folded Dipole
DIPOLE
ANTENNA
Half-wave
dipole
• Half-wave dipole antenna is just a special case of the
dipole antenna
• Note that the "half-wave" term means that the length
of this dipole antenna is equal to a half-wavelength at
the frequency of operation.

• maximum half wave dipole directivity shows the

maximum radiation at right angles to the main radiator

• the level of radiation is the same all around the

antenna
Half-wave
dipole
• Since the ground reflects radio waves, it has a significant
effect on the radiation pattern and impedance of the half-
wave dipole.
• Generally speaking, the closer the dipole is to the ground,
the more lobes will form and the lower the radiation
impedance.
• Length also has an effect on the dipole antenna: dipoles
shorter than λ/2 is capacitive while dipoles longer than λ/2
is inductive.
Half-wave
dipole
RANDOM
WIRE
ANTENNA
radio antenna consisting of a long wire
suspended above the ground, whose
length does not bear a relation to the
wavelength of the radio waves used, but
is typically chosen more for
convenience.
RANDOM
WIRE
ANTENNA
 FOLDED DIPOLE
ANTENNA
• a dipole antenna with the ends folded back
around and connected to each other, forming
a loop
• width ‘d’ of the folded dipole is
much smaller than the length ‘L’

• Wide bandwidth

• Increase in impedance
FOLDED DIPOLE
ANTENNA
The folded dipole is similar to the
simple half-wave dipole but with
the feed point impedance
multiplied by 4, thus closely
matching that 300 ohm impedance

Consist of a basic dipole with an

added conductor
FOLDED DIPOLE
ANTENNA
Two types of Folded Dipole:

1. Unequal conductor folded

dipoles
2. Multi-Conductor folded
dipoles
FOLDED DIPOLE
ANTENNA
INVERTED V type of antenna similar to a horizontal dipole, but with
the two sides bent down towards the ground, typically
creating a 120 or 90 degree angle between the dipole
ANTENNA legs.

The frequency range of operation of an inverted vee

antenna (or V-antenna) is around 3 to 30 MHz. This
antenna works in high frequency range.
INVERTED V
ANTENNA
• The radiation pattern of inverted V-
antenna is uni-directional pattern

• No standing waves are formed

• The maximum radiation for an inverted V-

antenna is at its center

• The center of the antenna should not be higher

than λ/4.
LOOP
ANTENNA
a radio antenna consisting of a loop (or loops)
of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor
with its ends connected to a balanced
transmission line (possibly via a balun).

The frequency range of operation of loop

antenna is around 300MHz to 3GHz. This
antenna works in UHF range.
SMALL LOOP
ANTENNA
A small loop of current located in the x-y plane centered
at the origin is shown. Such a small loop is known as a
small loop antenna or sometimes a magnetic dipole.

The fields for the small loop antenna are very similar to
that of a Hertzian dipole. Since it is the dual for the
Hertzian (electric) dipole, the small loop antenna is often
called a magnetic dipole.
QUAD antenna
• A type of directional wire radio
antenna or beam antenna which
radiates in specific directions.

• It is used on the HF (3 and 30 MHz)

and VHF (30 to 300 MHz) bands.

• It consists of a driven element and

parasitic elements, it takes the form
of a loop of wire which may be
square, round, or some other shape.
QUAD antenna
• Polarization is
determined by
where the feed point
is located on the
driven element,
making it possible to
change the
polarization of the
signal.
QUAD antenna
• The total length of the wire in
the driven element is
approximately one electrical
wavelength.

At 300 MHz:
Rhombic antenna
• A broadband directional wire
antenna mostly commonly
used on the HF (3 and 30
MHz) band, and its
polarization is horizontal.

• It is widely used for long-

distance, high-frequency
transmission and reception.

• The resonant rhombic

antenna is bidirectional, while
it is unidirectional when
terminated.
Rhombic antenna
• The antenna is unidirectional in
the direction away from the feed
point when terminated with a
resistance of 600 to 800 Ω.

• Terminating the antenna

properly will let it have a
constant input impedance and
also allow it to be operated over a
wide frequency range.
Rhombic antenna
• A typical rhombic antenna
design would be at a height of
between a half and a full
wavelength.

• Each of the four sides are the

same length, typically at least
one wavelength (λ) or longer.

• It can be made of two obtuse-

angle V antennas that are
placed side by side.
Rhombic antenna
Applications:
• Used in HF
communications.

• Used in long distance sky

wave propagations.

• Used in point-to-point
communications.
spiral antenna
• It belongs to the class of
"frequency independent"
antennas.

• These antennas are

characterized as having a very
large bandwidth, up to a
fractional bandwidth as high as
30:1.
spiral antenna
• Polarization, radiation pattern
and impedance remain
unchanged over large
bandwidth.

• These antennas are inherently

circularly polarized with low
gain.

• Spiral antennas are reduced size

antennas with its windings
making it an extremely small
structure.
spiral antenna
• The highest frequency in the • The lowest frequency on the
spiral antenna's operating band spiral is approximated using the
can be determined using the circumference of the spiral
innermost radius of the spiral. which is equal to a wavelength.
That radius is equal to a quarter Giving the equation for the
wavelength. The highest lowest frequency:
frequency can be calculated by: 𝑐 𝒄
𝜆=2 𝜋 𝑅 ; 𝑓 = =
𝜆 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝜆 𝑐 𝒄
=𝑟 ; 𝑓 = =
4 𝜆 𝟒𝒓 where r = innermost radius of
spiral
R = outermost radius of
spiral
bobtails antenna
• It has 3 quarter wave vertical
elements and is one wavelength
in horizontal length.

• The tops of the verticals are all

connected together by a wire or
other conductors, and the
bottoms of the verticals are all
insulated from ground.
bobtails antenna

• The antenna is fed from the

bottom of the middle element.

• The impedance is very high

therefore it is voltage-feed with a
simple LC parallel resonant
circuit connected between the
element tip and ground
BI-CONE ANTENNA
Biconical Antennas have dipole like characteristics with an enormous wide
bandwidth, achieved by the double cone elements.
20 MHz and up to 18 GHz

In biconical antenna, it allows continuous

sweeps of discrete frequencies, where site
anomalies are discovered much easier. This
reduces the amount of time needed to tune
the antenna elements.
Typical applications for Biconical
Antennas are:
· Measurements of shielding
effectiveness,
· Evaluation of test sites
· Passive field probe for immunity testing
· Determination of uniform area
DISCONE
ANTENNA•• amounted
version of a biconical antenna
vertically, with the disc at the top and the
cone beneath.
• The discone's wideband coverage makes it attractive
in commercial, military, amateur radio and radio
scanner applications.
• When employed as a transmitting antenna, it is
often less efficient than an antenna designed for a
more limited frequency range.
MAJOR COMPONENTS
 The disc:
• overall diameter of 0.7 times a quarter
wavelength of the antenna's lowest
frequency
• antenna's feed point is at the center of
the disc
• usually fed with 50-ohm coaxial cable,
• center conductor connected to the
disc
• the outer conductor to the cone.
 The cone:
• length of the cone should be a quarter
wavelength of the antenna's lowest
frequency.
• cone angle is from 25 to 40 degrees.
RADIATION PATTERN
 HELIX
ANTENNA

NORMAL MODE HELIX AXIAL

ANTENNA ANTENNA
The helical antenna is a hybrid of two simple radiating elements, the dipole and
loop antennas. Helix antenna has different modes of operation, two of which are
axial antenna and normal mode helix antenna.
NORMAL MODE
HELIX ANTENNA
• the maximum radiation occurs in the plane
perpendicular to the helix axis a shown in the figure.

• the radiation field of this mode is elliptically

polarized in all directions

• But, under particular conditions, the radiation field

can be circularly polarized. Because of its small size
compared to the wavelength, the normal-mode helix
has low efficiency and narrow bandwidth.
The analysis of a normal-mode helix is based on a
uniform current distribution over the length of the
helix.

• the helix may be modeled as a series of

small loop and short dipole antennas as
shown in the figure

• spacing between turns of the helix,

• the diameter of the loop is the same as the

helix diameter.
AXIAL
ANTENNA
• it radiates with the maximum power density in
the direction of its axis a shown in the figure

• radiation properties and current distributions

are obtained using experimental and
approximate analytical or numerical methods.
DELTA
ANTENNA
A full-size Delta Loop is a
good low angle radiator. This
antenna normally has about a
3 dB gain over a 1/2 wave
center fed dipole. The Delta
Loop is not only a great
transmitting antenna but a
low noise receiving antenna.
PATCH
ANTENNA - also known as a rectangular microstrip
antenna
- consists of a flat rectangular sheet or
"patch" of metal, mounted over a larger
sheet of metal called a ground plane
- formed by overlaying two metallic plates,
one larger than the other, with a dielectric
sheet in the middle
- produce hemispherical coverage,
spreading away from the mount point at a
width of 30 to 180 degrees.
RADIATION PATTERN
Using nec simulator
(4nec2)
1. Open NEC File – opens nec files.
2. Save as – saves the antenna project made.
3. Main window – opens the main window.
4. 3D Geometry – opens the 3D Geometry window.
5. 3D Viewer – opens the 3D Viewer window.
6. Edit NEC file – opens the editor. (Notepad Edit,
NEC editor, Geometry edit, New NEC editor)
7. Pattern – opens the Pattern window. (shows far
field pattern, near field pattern, frequency sweep,
etc.)
8. Smith Chart – opens the Smith Chart for the
current antenna configuration.
9. Calculate new data – allows user to calculate
different parameters of the antenna.
10. Matching networks – opens the RLC Matching
window.
11. Show 4NEC2 help – opens the Help window.
3D Geometry Window 3D Viewer Window
Smith Chart Window RLC Matching Window