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    WK 7-8 - Homogeneous Coefficients

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    Julia Florencio

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    WK 7-8 - Homogeneous Coefficients

    Uploaded by

    Julia Florencio
    12 views20 pages

    Original Title

    WK 7-8 - HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS (1)

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    12 views20 pages

    WK 7-8 - Homogeneous Coefficients

    Uploaded by

    Julia Florencio

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    DIFFERENTI

    AL
    E Q U AT I O N
    OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – QUEZON CITY CAMPUS

    S
    COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
    CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
    COURSE
    WE E K

    07
    COVERAGE
    MIDTERMS

    Homogeneous Coeff i cients

    08 Homogeneous Coeff i cients

    09 E quations wi th Homogenous E quations

    10 E xact E quations

    11 Non-Exact Equations

    12 Midt erm examinat ion


    HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS
    Homogeneous coefficients is a term commonly encountered
    when studying ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In the
    context of differential equations, the term refers to a specific
    property of the coefficients in the equation. Understanding the
    concept of homogeneous coefficients is important when solving
    and analyzing certain types of ODEs.

    When the coefficients in a differential equation are said to be


    "homogeneous," it means that they are functions of the
    independent variable only and do not explicitly depend on the
    dependent variable.
    HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS
    The notation for derivative can be written as the operator D;
    which is, for positive integral k, we can write:

    The expression

    Is called a differential operator of order n.


    HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS
    It may be defined as that operator which, when applied to any
    function y, yields the result

    The coefficients , in the operator A may be functions of x.


    HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS
    Express the following higher-order DEs in D-notation
    ′′ →𝑒
    5 𝑦 +3 𝑦 − 2 𝑦 =3
    ′( 𝑥 2
    5 𝐷 +3 𝐷 − 2 ) 𝑦 =3 𝑒 𝑥

    0( 𝑥 𝐷 − 𝐷 ) 𝑦 =0
    3
    𝑥 𝑦
    ′′ ′
    − 𝑦 =→ ′

    6 4 2
    𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 → ( 𝐷6 +3 𝐷 4 − 3 𝐷2 +1 ) 𝑦
    6
    +3 4
    −3 2
    + 𝑦 =0
    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    Classification of Linear DEs

    DE written as

    According to the coefficients


    a. With constant coefficients (all a are constant)
    Example:
    b. With variable coefficients: at least one of a is not constant
    Example:
    Classification of Linear DEs

    DE written as

    According to the function


    a. Homogeneous Linear DE: f(x)=0
    Example:
    b. Nonhomogeneous Linear DE: f(x)≠0
    Example:
    Solution of Homogeneous Linear DEs
    with Constant Coefficients
    For a given differential equation of the form

    There is an associated polynomial equation in m called auxiliary


    or characteristic equation of the form

    whose solutions are called auxiliary roots.


    Cases of Auxiliary Roots

    Case 1: Distinct Real Roots


    For every distinct real root it corresponds a solution of the form

    Case 2: Real Repeated Roots


    For every distinct real root repeated k times, it corresponds a
    solution of the form
    Cases of Auxiliary Roots

    Case 3: Distinct Pairs of Imaginary Roots


    For every distinct real root there corresponds a solution of the
    form

    Case 4: Repeated Imaginary Roots


    For every distinct real root there corresponds a solution of the
    form
    Example 1
    Solve the following differential equations
    ′′ ′
    4𝑦 +11 𝑦 − 3 𝑦 = 0
    Example 2
    Solve the following differential equations
    ′′ ′
    𝑦 − 12 𝑦 +36 𝑦 = 0
    Example 3
    Solve the following differential equations
    ′′ ′
    3 𝑦 + 4 𝑦 +7 𝑦 =0
    Example 4
    Solve the following differential equations
    ′′ ′
    𝑦 + 𝑦 =0
    Example 5
    Solve the following differential equations
    ′′ ′ ′ ′
    𝑦 − 𝑦 =0
    Example 6
    Solve the following differential equations
    ′′ ′ ′′
    𝑦 +22 𝑦 − 75 𝑦 = 0
    Method of Undetermined Coefficient (MUC)

    For a given differential equation of the form


    (𝑎 ¿¿ 0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑛− 1+ …+𝑎 𝑛 − 1 𝐷+ 𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑦 ≠ 0 ¿

    General Solution:
    𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
    is the complementary solution from the homogeneous linear
    differential equation
    is the particular solution which can be obtained by MUC
    5 Steps in Solving MUC
    For the complementary solution set
    For the particular solution , refer to the table
    Compare and for similar terms. If these
    have similar terms, multiply with or or
    until there are no like terms.
    Substitute into the DE and solve for the values
    of the coefficients by equating coefficients of like
    powers.
    Example 7
    Solve the following differential equations
    ′′ ′ 6 𝑥
    𝑦 − 5 𝑦 + 4 𝑦 =3 𝑒

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