UNIT - 1

LANGUAGE
Vocabulary and Grammar Section
Objectives:

• Apply words and expressions related to language

appropriately.
• Study the use of nouns in apposition and use them
appropriately.
 Hello every
We come fr one !
om Myanm
ar and we a
Myanmar. re
We speak M
yanmar and
wear Myan we love to
mar traditio
nal costum
e.

Where are they from ?

>>> They’re from Myanmar. ( Country – Myanmar )

What kind of nationality are they ?

>>> They’re Myanmar . ( Nationality – Myanmar )

Which language do they speak ?

>>> They speak Myanmar. ( Language – Myanmar )

Which costume do they love to wear ?

>>> They love to wear Myanmar traditional
costume. ( Myanmar – Adjective )
 Hi every
We are K one !
orean an
come fr d we
We spea o m Korea.
kK
love to e orean and we
at Korea
n food.

What nationality are they ?

>>> They are Korean. ( Nationality – Korean )
Which country are they from ?
>>> They’re from Korea. ( Country – Korea )

What language do they speak ?

>>> They speak Korean. ( Language – Korea )
What kind of food do they love to eat ?
>>> They love to eat Korean food. ( Korean – Adjective )
- It modifies to ‘ food’ .
 Hi Ever
y
We’re fr one ! We speak Japanese and these are
om Jap
and we an our Japanese food.
are
Japane Do you enjoy ?
s e.

Where are they from ?

What kind of nationality are they ?

Which language do they speak ?

Do you like to eat Japanese food ?

1 B Vocabulary
Countries , Nationalities and Languages
A. Complete the table. Australia and China are done for you as examples.
No. COUNTRY NATIONALITY LANGUAGE ADJECTIVE

1. Australia Australian English Australian

2. China Chinese Chinese Chinese
3. France French
French French
4. Germany German German German
5. Italy Italian Italian Italian
6. Japan Japanese Japanese Japanese
7. Korea Korean Korean Korean
8. Laos Laotian Laotian Lao / Laotian
9. Myanmar Myanmar Myanmar Myanmar
10. The UK BBriton / The British English British
11. The USA American English American
12. Vietnam Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese
B. Rewrite each sentence below, filling the blanks with appropriate words from the table in Exercise A.
French
1. Because I speak _________ fluently , I did not have much trouble in France.
Italian
2. Those tourists are from Italy and they speak only __________ and do not understand a word of
English.
Vietnamese
3. I wish to visit Vietnam but I do not speak a word of _________ .
English
4. Since you speak __________ quite well , you should have no problem studying in the USA.
Korean
5. I plan to work in Korea , so I’m learning __________ at the Yangon University of Foreign Languages.
Japanese
6. A kimono is a traditional __________ garment.
British
7. William Shakespeare is a very widely known _________ playwright and poet.
Laotian/
8. Lao
I have never been to Laos and I have never tried ________ food.
German
9. He grew up in Germany and he speaks _________ fluently.
Chinese
10. I like ___________ food though I don’t know how to use the chopsticks.
 1C Grammar
Nouns in Apposition
- An addition of a noun / noun phrase to another noun as an explanation.
- We use nouns in apposition when we want to provide further information about the first
noun word in the sentence.
Example 1 : John has left the job .

Noun
in apposition

: John , the English teacher , has left the job .

Noun Noun Phrase ( Additional information about John )

 Example 2: My brother lives in Tokyo.

in apposition

: My brother lives in Tokyo , the capital of Japan .

Noun Noun Phrase ( Additional information about Tokyo )

Nouns in Apposition

Example 3 : U Ba Kyi , the great Myanmar artist , is famous for its artistic paintings.
Nouns in apposition

Example 4 : Shwe Wah , my cat , loves fried fish .

Nouns in apposition

Example 5 : Have you ever been to Bagan , an ancient city ?

A. Spot the nouns in apposition in the following sentences and underline them.

1. There are many pagodas in Bagan , an ancient capital of Myanmar.

2. The ostrich , a kind of flightless bird , is found only in Africa.
3. My son , a musician , earns little and lives with me.
4. Loch Ness , a large mountain lake , is in Scotland.
5. Mt. Everest , the highest peak in the world , is in Nepal.
6. I’d love to climb Kilimanjaro , the highest mountain in Tanzania.
7. Brussels sprout , a green vegetable like a tiny cabbage , is quite delicious to
eat.
8. The Nile , the longest river in the world , is in northeastern Africa.
9. Judo , a Japanese martial art , originated from jujitsu , a samurai unarmed
fighting technique.
10. Albert Einstein , the great physicist , was famous for his theory of relativity.
1. ၀ကျနှ စ်ကြေင်ကို Nouns in apposition ပုံ စံ ဖြင့်ပေင်လျှင် verb to be ပသေ၀ကျကို ရှ ၍
sub အပအ၀င် verb to be ကို ဖြုတ်ပ ။

2. ကျန်အပို င်ကိုကျ
ကျန်၀ကျရှိသက်ဆို
န်
၀ါကျရှိ သ က်ဆိုင်ရ
င်ရာ Noun နေက်တွင် comma(,)
ဖြတ်၍ ရေရမည်။
။

3. ၀ကျနှ စ်ကြေင်လုံ တွင် verb to be ပလျှင်အေက်ပအချက်မျဖြင့်ကို

အောက် ပါအ ချ
က်များ
ဖြင့်
ကို က်ညီသေ၀ကျရှိ
က် ညီသော၀ါကျရှိ
sub အပအ၀င် verb to be ကို ဖြုတ်ရမည်။

4. verb to be ၏နေက်ရှိစကလုံ
စကား လုံး သသည်
ည်
(i) a , an , the တစ်ခု ခု ဖြင့် စလျှင်
(ii) one of , two of , three of , some of စသည်ဖြင် တစ်ခု ခု ဖြင့် စလျှင်
(iii) his , her , my , our , your , their , Noun ‘s ---- စသည်ဖြင့် တစ်ခု ခု ဖြင့် စလျှင်
(iv) Noun ဖြစ်လျှင် ထို ၀ ကျရှိ Sub အပအ၀င် Verb to be ဖြုတ်ရမည်။

5. ၀ ကျ၏နေက်ဆုံ ရှိ Noun ၏နေက်တွင်ဂု

“ ဂု
ဏ် ပုဏ်ပု
ဒ်“ ဒ်ဖြည့်စွက်ချက်ကို
ဖြည့်စွက်ချက်ကို ရေလျှင်
ရေးလျှင်
Comma(,) တစ်ကြိမ်
ဖြတ်၍ ၀ကျ၏ရှေ့ပို င်ရှိ Noun ၏နေက်တွင်ဂု
“ ဂု
ဏ် ပု ဏ်ပု
ဒ်
” ဖြဒ်ဖြည့်စွက်ချက်ကို
ည့်စွက်ချက်ကို ရေလျှင်
ရေး လျှင်
Comma ( , )
နှ စ်ခဖြတ်ရမည်။
။
Example 1 : The Shwedagon is in Yangon . It is the most famous pagoda in Myanmar .
>>> The Shwedagon , the most famous pagoda in Myanmar , is in Yangon.

Example 2 : U Soe is kind to all his students. He is one of the teachers from my school.
>>> U Soe , one of the teachers from my class , is kind to all his students.

Example 3 : Children are very interested in Chimpanzees.

Chimpanzees are animals that look like large monkey.
>>> Children are very interested in Chimpanzees , animals that look like large
monkey.

Example 4 : The woman was saved from the burning building by the two boys.
They are Ko Ko and Nyi Nyi .
>>> The woman was saved from the burining buiding by the two boys , Ko Ko and
Nyi Nyi .

Example 5 : San San Nwe and U Mya are on the stage .

San San Nwe is the dancer .U Mya is the “Lu-shwin-daw “ .
>>San San Nwe and U Mya , the dancer and the “Lu-shwin-daw “, are on the stage .
B. Combine the two sentences , using nouns in apposition.

1. Myanmar is the second largest country in Southeast Asia.

It is known as the land of pagodas.
>>> Myanmar , the second largest country in Southeast Asia , is known as the land of
pagodas.

2. U Tun Tun is our English teacher. He is a very strict person.

>>> U Tun Tun , our English teacher , is a very strict person.

3. Aung Aung won many prizes. He is the best footballer in our school.
>>> Aung Aung , the best footballer in our school , won many prizes.

4. An excuse may or may not be true. It is a reason for an apology.

>>> An excuse , a reason for an apology , may or may not be true.

5. Jack was born in Finland. Finland is the land of a thousand lakes.

>>> Jack was born in Finland , the land of a thousand lakes.
6. Elvis Presley was a very popular singer.
He was referred to as the “King of Rock and Roll”.
>>> Elvis Presley , a very popular singer , was referred to as the “King of Rock and Roll”.

7. We will spend our vacation at Ngapali Beach.

It is the most beautiful beach in our country.
>>> We will spend our vacation at Ngapali Beach , the most beautiful beach in our
country.

8. William Henry Gates was born in Washington.

He is the principal founder of Microsoft.
>>> William Henry Gates , the principal founder of Microsoft , was born in Washington.

9. I like spaghetti. It is an Italian dish with noodles and sauce.

>>> I like spaghetti , an Italian dish with noodles and sauce.

10. My childhood home is just down the road. It is an old wooden house.
>>> My childhood home , an old wooden house , is just down the road.
Extra Exercises :

1. Mandalay is in upper Myanmar . Mandalay is the second largest city in Myanmar .

(Mandalay , )

2. Floods and storms destroyed many villages . They are destructive elements. ( Floods, )

3. Pandas live only in China . They are the most beautiful of all the bears in the world .
(Pandas , )

4. Columbus was the discoverer of America . He was more famous than Marco Polo .
(Columbus , )

5.Have you ever been to Pyin Oo Lwin ? It is a summer resort . ( Have ….)

6.Dinosaurs are extinct . Dinosaurs are the pre-historic animals . ( Dinosaurs , )

7.Soe Soe is a clever girl .She is from my class . (Soe Soe , )

8. I met David and Mary in the market.
David is my brother. Mary is my neighbor. ( I met …)

9. Kalaw is a hilly town. We will visit there next wintertime. ( Kalaw , )

10. Noah is very intelligent. He is my favorite pet cat. ( Noah , )

11. Mogok is my native town. It is famous for its rubies. ( Mogok , )

12. I am studying at Yangon University. It is the oldest university in Myanmar . ( I am …)

13. The police asked Max many questions . He was the eye-witness . (The police … )

14. The old man loved the rabbit . It was his only companion. (The old man… )
15. My father was born in Mandalay . It is the second largest city in Myanmar.
(My father was born….)