READING MATERIAL

TOPIC ANNOUNCEMENT
This topic will be take four sessions
Today we will discuss about the: .
Concept of Joint Stock Company.
Features of Joint Stock Company.
Merits and limitations of Joint Stock
Company .

SESSION I
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
After this session the students will be able to:
• Define the Joint Stock Company.
• Explain the features of Joint Stock Company.
• Explain the merits and limitations of a Joint
Stock Company.
 EXPLANATION
• Now Ruchi has come to know about the
largest form of business organization.
• Lets have a look .
• Video link : https://youtu.be/3flpdEbP7HM
 JOINT STOCK COMPANY
• Company is meant an association of many
persons who contribute money or money’s
worth to a common stock and employ it in some
trade or business, and who share the profit and
loss (as the case may be) arising there from.
• The persons who contribute it, or to whom it
belongs, are members.
• The proportion of capital to which each
member is entitled is his share.
• “Joint Stock Company is a voluntary
association of individuals for profit, having a
capital divided into transferable shares. The
ownership of which is the condition of
membership .”

• A Company can be described as an artificial

person having a separate legal entity,
perpetual succession and a common seal.
 Meaning
• Joint stock Company is a type of corporation or
partnership involving two or more individuals that
own shares or stock in the company .
• Certificates of ownership("shares") are issued by the
company in return for each financial contribution.
• The shareholders are free to transfer their ownership
interest at any time by selling their share holding to
others.
• The companies are governed by the Indian
Companies Act, 2013.
FEATURES OF A JOINT STOCK
COMPANY
Artificial Person
• A Joint Stock Company is an artificial person in
the sense that it is created by law and does
not possess physical attributes of a natural
person. However, it has a legal status.
Separate Legal Entity
• Being an artificial person, a company has an
• existence independent of its members.
• It can own property, enter into contract and
conduct any lawful business in its own name.
• It can sue and can be sued in the Court of Law.
Common seal
• Every company has a common seal by which it
is represented while dealing with outsiders.
• Any document with the common seal and duly
signed by an officer of the company is binding
on the company .
Perpetual succession
• A company once formed continues to exist as
long as it fulfils the requirements of law.
• It is not affected by the death, lunacy,
insolvency, retirement of any of its members.
• ‘Members may come, members may go.
But company remains forever.’
Limited liability
• The liability of a member of a Joint Stock
Company is limited by guarantee or the shares
he owns. In other words, in case of payment
of debts by the company, a shareholder is held
liable only to the extent of his share.
Transferability of Shares
• The members of a company are free to
transfer the shares held by them to anyone
else .
Formation
• A company comes into existence only
when it has been registered after
completing the formalities prescribed
under the Indian Companies Act 2013.
• A company is formed by the initiative of
a group of persons known as promoters.
Membership
• A company having a minimum membership of
two persons and maximum fifty is known as a
Private Limited Company. But in case of a
Public Limited Company is minimum 7 and
maximum Unlimited.
Control
• Joint Stock Companies have democratic
management and control.
• Even though the shareholders are the owners
of the company, all of the them cannot
participate in the management process.
• The company is managed by the elected
representatives of shareholders known as
Director .
Capital
• A Joint Stock Company generally raises a
large amount of capital through issue of
shares. The smallest denomination of the
total capital of the Company is know as
‘Shares’.
Risk Bearing
• The ownership of a public company is
held by a large number of shareholders.
Consequently the risk of loss gets divided
among a large number of shareholders
who are liable to contribute to the extent
of their holding in the Company.
MERITS OF JOINT STOCK
COMPANY
 ADVANTAGES OF A JOINT STOCK
COMPANY
Limited Liability
• In a Joint Stock Company the liability of its
members is limit to the extent of shares held
by them. This attracts a large number of small
investors to invest in the company. It helps the
company to raise huge capital.
• Because of limited liability, a company is able
to take larger risk.
Perpetual succession
• A Company has a stable existence , as it enjoys
a separate entity distinct from its members.
• It can be liquidated only by following a legal
procedure as per the provisions of the
Companies Act.
• A Company in no affected by the death,
retirement , resignation , insolvency or insanity
of its members.
Benefits of large scale production
• It is only the company form of
organization which can provide capital
for large scale operations. It results in
large scale production consequently
leading to increase in efficiency and
reduction in the cost of operation. It
further leads to expansion.
Professional management
• Companies, because of complex nature of
activities and operations and large volume of
business, require professional managers at
every level of organization. And because of
their financial strength they can afford to
appoint such managers. This lead to efficiency.
Transfer of interest
• The shares represent the financial interest of a
person in the company. It is easy to transfer
the interest in case of a public company as
they can be easily bought and sold through
stock exchanges depending upon the needs of
the investors.
LIMITATIONS OF A JOINT STOCK COMPANY
Complexity in Formation:
• The formation of a company involve
compliance with a number of legal formalities
under the companies Act and compliance with
several other Laws.
• It is a very time consuming , expensive and
complicated process.
Excessive government control
• A company is expected to comply with the
provisions of several Acts. Non-compliance of
these invites heavy penalty. This affects the
smooth functioning of the companies.
Lack of secrecy
• As per the provisions of the Companies Act a
company is required to issue its financial
statements and other necessary information
from time to time to the office of the registrar
of companies and to the general public. It is
difficult to maintain secrecy with regard to the
working of the company.
Impersonal work environment
• A company has a separate ownership from its
management.
• As a result it is not necessary that all its
officers will work with full commitment and
personal involvement towards success of the
organization.
• Due to the large size of organization it is very
difficult for the management to maintain one
to one relationship with all the staff
members .
Delay in decision making
• The people and the activities of a company are
divided into three levels: top, middle and
lower level.
• A company is democratically managed by the
Board of Directors .The major decisions cannot
be implemented without the approval of
Board of Directors.
• Therefore many a times the process of
decision making gets delayed due to the
complex organizational structure.
Oligarchic management
• The term Oligarchy means ‘ a small group of
people having control of a Organisation’.
• The companies major decisions are taken up
by the Board of Directors, who may exploit the
interest of the organization for accomplishing
their personal interest.
 RECAPITULATION
• A Company can be described as an artificial person
having a separate legal entity, perpetual succession
and a common seal.
FEATURES:
• Company is an artificial person created by law.
• It has a separate legal entity other than its members.
• It is compulsory that the company get registered
under Companies Act 2013, or any other previous
laws.
The decision making power is with Board Of
Directors who are elected by the members.
The shareholders enjoy limited liability.
There is a common seal of the joint stock
company which is used to authenticate its
documents as the company is an artificial
person.
ADVANTAGES:
• Limited liability, Transfer of interest, perpetual
existence, scope for expansion, professional
management.
LIMITATIONS:
• Complexity in formation, lack of secrecy,
impersonal work environment, numerous
regulations, Delay in decision making,
oligarchic management.
 ASSIGNMENTS
WORKSHEET https://drive.google.com/file/d/1l9T8XqghusD
afkKUVbWLnLAZgsLDH18w/view?usp=sharing

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MCQ a001b36ba7d/start?studentShare=true
END OF SESSION I
STARTING SESSION II
 TOPIC ANNOUNCEMENT.
Today we will discuss about the:
Types of companies.
Privileges enjoyed by a private company.
Difference between Public Company and
Private Company.
Concept of One Person Company.

SESSION II
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
After this session the students will be able to:
• Explain different types of Companies.
• Understand the privileges enjoyed by the
Private Company.
• Differentiate between Public Company and
Private Company.
• Understand the meaning of One Person
Company.
 EXPLANATION
• In the previous session we have studied about
the joint stock company. Now in this session
we will discuss about the different types of
companies and difference between them.

• Link: https://youtu.be/gPJE71XiyUg
TYPES OF COMPANIES
 PRIVATE COMPANY
A private limited company means a company
which by its articles of association,
• Restricts the right of members to transfer its
shares;
• has a minimum of 2 and maximum of 200
members, excluding the present and past
employees,
• Does not invite public to subscribe its
securities.
 PRIVATE COMPANY
• It is necessary for a private company to use
the word Private Limited after its name,
• If a private company contravenes any of the
provisions above stated , it ceases to be a
private company and loses all the exemptions
and privileges provided to it.
 PRIVILEGES ENJOYED BY THE PRIVATE
COMPANY
• The privileges enjoyed by a private company are as
follows :
• (i) Only two members are needed to form a private
company. Whereas a public company needs atleast
seven members to start a company.
• (ii) A private company does not issue any prospectus
as its shares are not available for general public to
subscribe. Whereas in Public Limited Company it is
compulsory condition.
• (iii) It starts working just after receiving
‘Certificate of Incorporation ‘.
 PRIVILEGES……
• A private company does not wait for minimum
subscription before start functioning. Whereas
in public limited company needs minimum
subscription .
• A private company needs only two directors
whereas a public company needs three
directors.
• A private company does not make any index of
members.
 PUBLIC COMPANY
• A public company means a company which is
not a private company. As per the Companies
Act, a public company is one which :
• (i) has a minimum of 7 members and no limit
of maximum members.
• (ii) has no restrictions on transfer securities,
• (ii) is free to invite general public to subscribe
its securities.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIVATE COMPANY
AND PUBLIC COMPANY
Sl. No. BASIS PRIVATE COMPANY PUBLIC COMPANY
1 Members Minimum : 2; Maximum : Minimum : 7 ;
200 Maximum : Unlimited
2 Number of Two Directors Three Directors
Directors
3 Index of members Not compulsory to Compulsory to maintain
maintain index . Index.
4 Transfer of shares Restriction on transfer of No restriction on transfer
shares . of shares.
5 Invitation to Prohibited to invite It can invite general public
general public general public to to subscribe its shares or
subscribe its shares or debentures.
debentures..
 ONE PERSON COMPANY
• The concept of One Person Company introduced
in the Company’s Act 2013.
• FEATURES:
• Only a natural person, who is an Indian citizen,
resident ( staying atleast 182 days ) in India shall
be eligible to incorporate a One Person Company.
• The Shareholder must nominate another person
who shall become the shareholder in case the
original shareholder , dies/ fell sick etc.
 ONE PERSON COMPANY
• Must have one director.
• The company may have maximum 15 directors.
• One Person Company Vs Sole Proprietorship
• The liability of One person Company’s member
is limited whereas the liability of sole proprietor
is unlimited.
• One person company provides greater flexibility
to the member to manage his business
efficiently.
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 ASSIGNMENTS
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MZrQl8UCX-
WORKSHEET GchbE2sCnfQL38cpQomrW0/view?usp=sharin
g

MCQ https://quizizz.com/join/quiz/5ee8357f60d258
001bc72219/start?studentShare=true
END OF SESSION II
STARTING SESSION III
 TOPIC ANNOUNCEMENT
• Today we will discuss about the :
• the stages of formation of Company (till
Incorporation).
• the important documents used in the various
stages in the formation of a company.
• Promoter and his position in the Company.
• Functions of a Promoter.
SESSION III
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• After this session the stdents will be able to :
• Explain the different stages of formation of
Company (till Incorporation).
• Explain the important documents used in the
various stages in the formation of a company.
• Understand Promoter and his position in the
Company.
• Explain the functions of a Promoter.
 EXPLANATION
• In the previous session we discuss about the
various types of Joint Stock Company. But do
you know how the Company is formed?
• So in this session you can get your answer .

• Link : https://youtu.be/3R8qVEiILy8
 STEPS IN FORMATION OF A PRIVATE
LIMITED COMPANY

PROMOTION OF A COMPANY
• Functions of A promoter

INCORPORATION OF A COMPANY
• After this a Private Limited Company
starts its operations.
 PROMOTION OF A COMPANY
• It is the first stage in the formation of a
company. It involves conceiving a business
idea and taking an initiative to form a
company. It gives practical shape to available
business opportunity.
• Any person or a group of persons or
a company may have discovered an
opportunity and proceed to form a company.
They are the promoters of the Company.
 PROMOTER
• As per section 69, a Promoter means a person:
• Who has been named as such in a prospectus.
• Who has control over the affairs of the
company directly or indirectly,
• Who provides advice, directions , the Board of
Directors of the company is expected to act.
• The promoter performs various functions to
bring a company into existence.
 FUNCTIONS OF A PROMOTER
• The important functions of promoters are as
under :
• (i) Identification of business opportunity :
• The first activity of a promoter is to
identify a business opportunity like producing
a new product etc.
• (ii) Feasibility study :
• The promoter undertakes detailed
feasibility studies to investigate all aspects of
the business the intend to start.
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES
• Technical feasibility :
• Sometimes an idea may be good but
technically it is not possible to execute like
unavailability of technology etc.
• Financial feasibility :
• Every business activity requires funds. If the
required outlay of the project is large and it is
not possible to arrange in available means, the
project has to be given up .
 FEASIBILITY STUDY…
• Economic feasibility :
• If the chance of being profitable is very
little, the idea must be abondoned.
• Only when these investigation provide
the positive results, the promoters may
decide to actually launch a company.
 NAME APPROVAL
• After deciding to incorporate to a company
the promoters have to select a name for it and
submit an application to the Registrar of
Companies of the state in which registered
office is proposed . Minimum three names are
given by the promoters. The Registrar selects
any one name if he finds it not undesirable or
misleading.
 FIXING UP SIGNATORIES TO THE
MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION
• Promoters have to decide about the
members who will be signing the
Memorandum of Association of the
proposed Company.
• Generally they are the first directors of
the Company.
APPOINTMENT OF PROFESSIONALS
• Certain professionals such as mercantile
bankers, auditors etc are appointed by the
promoters who will help in the preparation of
necessary documents required with the
Registrar of Companies.
PREPARATION OF NECESSARY DOCUMENTS

• The promoter takes up steps to prepare

certain in legal documents which have to be
submitted under the law, for getting the
Company registered .
• These documents are : Memorandum Of
Association, Articles Of Association and
Consent of Directors.
 POSITION OF PROMOTERS
• (i) They are neither the agents nor the trustees of
the Company.
• (ii) They are personally liable for all the contracts
for the company before its incorporation.
• (iii) Promoters of a company enjoy a fiduciary
position with the company , which they must not
misuse.
• (iv) Promoters are not legally entitled to claim the
expenses incurred in the promotion of the
company.
 DOCUMENTS TO BE PREPARED BY THE
PROMOTERS
• MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION :
• Memorandum of Association defines the
objects for which the Company is formed.
• This is the main document of the company and
is subordinate to the Companies Act.
• Memorandum of Association defines the
relationship of the Company with outsiders.
• Every company has to file the Memorandum of
Association.
 CLAUSES OF MEMORANDUM OF
ASSOCIATION
• Name Clause : It contains the name of the
company which has already been approved by
the Registrar of Companies .
• Registered Office Clause : It contains the name
of the state , in which the registered office of
the company is proposed to be situated.
• The exact address of the registered office is to
be submitted within 30 days of incorporation .
 CLAUSES……
• Object Clause :
• It defines the :
• Main object,
• Objects considered necessary in connection of
the main objects.
• It defines the purpose for which the company
is formed .
 CLAUSES…….
• Liability Clause :
• This clause restricts the liability of the
members only to the extent of amount unpaid
on the shares owned by them.
• Capital Clause :
• It specifies the maximum capital which the
company will be authorised to raise through
the issue of shares.
 ASSOCIATION CLAUSE
• It contains the signatories to the Memorandum of
Association who have stated
their intention to be associated with the company
and also give their consent to purchase qualification
shares.
It should be signed atleast seven persons in case of
public company and by two persons in case of a
private company.
The Memorandum of Association for the two
proposed companies cannot be same.
 ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
• It contains the rules regarding internal
management of a company.
• These rules are subsidiary to the
Memorandum of Association and hence,
should not contradict or exceed anything
stated in the Memorandum of Association.
• They can be altered from time to time or
applied in pursuance of any previous company
law or of this Act.
 CONSENT OF PROPOSED DIRECTORS

• The consent of proposed directors is

required in writing as they agree to work
in this capacity of the directors and
number of qualification shares purchased
by them.
• AGREEMENT :
• The company may propose to enter with any
individual for appointment as its Managing
Director or whole time Director or Manager.
• STATUTORY DECLARATION :
• The promoter has to submit a statutory to the
Registrar with the above mentioned documents
for getting the company registered under the law.
• PAYMENT OF FEE : In order to get a company
registered it is necessary to pay certain amount of
fees.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEMORANDUM OF
ASSOCIATION AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
S.No. BASIS MEMORANDUM OF ARTICLES OF
ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION
1 OBJECTIVES It defines the objects of an They are the rules of
organisation. Internal Management of
the company.
2 POSITION It is the main document of This is a subsidiary
an organisation and document and
subordinate to the subordinate to
Companies Act. Memorandum of
Association and
Companies Act.
3 RELATIONSHIP Every Company has to file A Public company can
a Memorandum of adop Table A instead of
Association. preparing Articles of
Association.
4 ALTERATION Alteration is quite difficult. It can be altered by
passing a special
resolution.
 INCORPORATION
• After completing the above formalities ,
promoters make an application for the
incorporation of the company with the Registrar
of Companies of the states within which they
plan to establish the registered office of the
company. Along with the application documents
attached are : Memorandum of Association ,
Articles of Association, Consent of Directors ,
agreement , name approval letter, Statutory
declaration , fees receipt etc.
 INCORPORATION
• Once the Registrar is satisfied with all the
documents filed , a Certificate of Incorporation
issued to the Company which signify the birth
of the company. The Certificate of
Incorporation is called the birth certificate of
the company.
• With effect from November 1, 2000 , the
Registrar of Companies allots a Corporate
Identity Number (CIN) to the company.
 EFFECT OF THE CERTIFICATE OF
INCORPORATION
• (i) The company is legally born on the date printed
on the certificate.
• (ii) It becomes an artificial person.
• (iii) It becomes entitled to enter a valid contract.
• After the issue of Certificate of Incorporation a
private company can immediately commence its
business.
• But a public limited company has to wait for
minimum subscription , which will be dealt in next
session.
 RECAPITULATION
• Promotion is the first stage in the formation of
a company. It involves conceiving a business
idea and taking an initiative to form a
company.
• Any person, or group of persons or company
which start to form a company is known as
promoter of the company.
 RECAPITULATION-FUNCTIONS OF A
PROMOTER
IDENTIFICATION OF BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY
FEASIBILITY STUDY

NAME APPROVAL
FIXING UP SIGNATORIES

APPOINTMENT OF PROFESSIONSALS

PREPARATION OF NECESSARY DOCUMENTS

DOCUMENTS TO BE PREPARED
MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION
ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION

CONSENT OF PROPOSED DIRECTORS IN WRITING

AGREEMENT

STATUTORY DECLARATION

EVIDENCE OF PAYMENT OF FEE

 RECAPITULATION
• Second stage in Incorporation stage . A
Company gets legal birth in this stage.
• Both private company and public limited
company has to go through this stage.
• After this a Private Limited Company starts its
operation but the Public Limited Company has
to wait for next stage.
 ASSIGNMENTS
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WORKSHEET WsrAjb6TxjvSItSZBMaotk/view?usp=sharing

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MCQ 001ca563e8/start?studentShare=true
END OF SESSION III
SESSION IV STARTS
 TOPIC ANNOUNCEMENT
• Today we will discuss about the :
• Remaining Stages of formation of a Public
Limited Company (Capital Subscription and
Certificate to commence business ).
• Some key words related to formation of a
company.
• Basic factors that determine the choice of form
of business organization.
SESSION IV
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• After going through this topic students will be
able to :
• Explain remaining stages of formation of a
Public Limited Company.
• Understand some key words.
• Explain the basic factors to be considered
before selecting a form of business
organisation.
 EXPLANATION
• We have already studied about two stages of
formation of a Company. A Private Limited
Company starts it operation immediately after
incorporation . But a Public Limited Company
has to fulfill the next stage also .

• Link : https://youtu.be/o0rWky7jlps
 STAGES OF FORMATION OF A PUBLIC
LIMITED COMPANY

PROMOTION
INCORPORATION

CAPITAL SUBSCRIPTION

COMMENCEMENT OF BUSINESS
 CAPITAL SUBSCRIPTION
• A Public Limited Company cab raise the
required funds from the public by means of
issue of shares and debentures etc.
• For this company issues Prospectus to invite
general public to subscribe to the capital of
the company.
. Public company has to follow few steps for
raising funds from public .
 • APPLI
CATIO
N TO
• STOC
MINI
K STE
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EXCH
SUBS
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CRIPT
• ALLOT
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• MENT
AND
FILIN SUBSC
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G RIPTI
SHAR ON
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ESTO
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• MENC
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NESS .
BANK
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BROK
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UNDE
STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR RAISING
RWRI
 STEPS FOLLOWED
• Filing of Prospectus :
• A copy of the prospectus or Statement in lieu
of Prospectus is filed with the Registrar of
Companies.
• Appointment of Bankers, Brokers,
Underwriters etc. : Raising funds from the
public is a very huge task. The application
money is deposited with the bankers.
 STEPS FOLLOWED
• Brokers are appointed to sell the shares to the
public.
• If the company is not assured of public
subscription it can also appoint underwriters,
who give the guarantee for the purchase of
shares if not bought by general public .
• Minimum Subscription: According to the
Companies Act the company must receive 90%
application of the size of issue. It is the
minimum subscription.
 STEPS FOLLOWED
• If the minimum subscription is not received
allotment is cancelled and the application
money is returned to the applicants.
• If the minimum subscription is received ,
Company starts allotment to the applicants.
• After minimum subscription a public limited
company receives a’ Certificate to Commence
Business ‘ .
 STEPS FOLLOWED
• Application to stock exchange :
• An application is made to atleast one stock exchange
for permission to deal in its shares or debentures.
• Allotment of shares :
• Untill the shares are allotted to the shareholders,
application money deposited in bank should not be
used by the company . Refund / adjust excess
application money received.
• Issue allotment letter to successful applicants.
 SOME KEY WORDS
• Prospectus : A prospectus is document which
invites general public for the subscription of
any shares or debentures of a body corporate.
• Qualification shares : The Articles of
Association has a provision that the directors
must buy a certain number of shares before
the company obtains Certificate of
Commencement of Business . These shares
are called Qualification shares.
 FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE CHOICE OF
FORM OF ORGANISATION

MANAGEMENT DEGREE OF
COST AND EASE
ABILITY CONTROL
• LIABILITY • CAPITAL • NATURE OF
• CONTINUITY CONSIDERATION BUSINESS
 FACTORS
• Cost and ease in setting up the organisation :
Sole Proprietorship is the easiest and most
inexpensive way to start a business . Similarly
partnership business as there is less legal
formalities.
Whereas the cooperative societies and
joint stock company require compulsory
registration which is lengthy and costly
process.
 FACTORS
• Liability :
In sole proprietorship and partnership
business, owners’ liability is unlimited .
In Joint hindu family business liability of Karta
is unlimited .
In cooperative societies and companies the
liability is limited.
Therefore , the company form is the most suitable
because the risk involved is limited.
 FACTORS
• Continuity :
The continuity of sole proprietorship
and partnership firms is affected by death,
insolvency etc.
Whereas Joint hindu family business,
cooperative societies , joint stock companies
are more stable form of business organisation.
 FACTORS
• Management ability :
From this point of view sole
proprietorship, partnership business, joint
hindu family business , cooperative society
lack professional management ability to some
extent. They are suitable for simple business.
Whereas in company form , professional
management is required as the business
activities are complex in nature.
 FACTORS
• Capital Consideration :
If the scale of business is large company
form is suitable . But if the scale of business is small
or medium then sole proprietorship or partnership
is suitable.
• Degree of control :
If direct control is needed then sole
proprietorship business is the most suitable . If
control can be diluted then partnership and
company is also preferred.
 FACTORS
• NATURE OF BUSINESS :
• Sole proprietorship is the most
suitable if direct contact with customers is
required.
• Partnership is suitable where professional
services are provided.
• For large scale manufacturing unit company
form of business organisation is neede.
 RECAPITULATION
• A Public Limited Company can start its
business only when minimum
subscription is received from the public
and certificate of commence business is
received.
• A Public limited company also applies for
listing on Stock Exchange , provide
allotment letter to shareholders.
 RECAPITULATION
-BASIC FACTORS COMPARISON
FACTORS MOST ADVANTAGEOUS LEAST ADVANTAGEOUS
Availability of Capital Company Sole Proprietorship
Cost of formation Sole Proprietorship Company
Ease of formation Sole Proprietorship Company
Transfer of ownership Company (except private Partnership
company)
Managerial skills Company Sole Proprietorship
Regulations Sole Proprietorship Company
Flexibility Sole Proprietorship Company
Continuity Company Sole Proprietorship
Liability Company Sole Proprietorship
 ASSIGNMENTS
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 SESSIONS COMPLETED !!

CONGRATULATIONS