Md.

Shahjahan, PhD
Purpose of statistics:
To find facts from figures

Requirement:
Valid and Reliable data
Statistics
Data
Summary measure based on sample
The subject
Statistical functions
Variable Data Process Analysis
Interpret and find facts

Variable: Vary + able

Data: Information about groups on a

purpose
Variable type:
At measurement or Collection level
Qualitative
Quantitative
At analysis level (Relationship analysis)
Dependent
Independent
Extraneous
Intervening
Confounding
Analysis:
Descriptive
Inferential (relationship)

Descriptive analysis
Tables
Graphs
Measures (such as CT, Dispersion)
Confidence Interval

Inferential analysis (relationship)

Bivariate
Multivariate
Data presentation (annex 3)
Tables
Graphs

Tables:
Univariate
Bivariate
Multivariate
See: annexures
 Sex distribution of 20 births

GBGBBBGBGG
GGBGBGGGBG
B = boy G = girl

Category Tally Frequenc Relative

y
frequency

B 8 8/20=0.40

G 12 12/20=0.60
Results of Outbreak investigation in Tangail
District

Raw data

Age Sex Age Sex Age

Sex
19 2 25 1 26 1
18 1 25 2 35 1
14 1 60 1 28 1
13 2 3 1 18 1
38 2 13 1 35 1
5 1 45 2 12 1
15 2 22 2 40 2
22 1 40 1 32 1
14 1 20 1 7 2
6 1 20 2 1 1
6 2 25 1 18 2
85 2 25 1
86 2 3 2
Distribution by tally marks

a. sex
sex Tally marks
 Male //// //// //// //// // = 22
 Female //// //// //// = 15
Interpretation
Suppose 3 groups of students obtained 62%
marks on average. Do you consider that
the 3 groups have performed equally
well?
Average (n=3)
Group 1: 62
Group 1I: 62
Group 1II: 62
Age Distribution
age group Talley marks
0-19 //// //// //// // = 17
20-39 //// //// //// =14
40--59 /// =3

60-79 // =2
80-99 / =1
Distribution by age and sex

Age group Male Female

0-19 //// //// = 10 //// // =7
20-39 //// //// = 10 //// =4
40-59 / =1 // =2
60-79 / =1 / =1
80-99 / =1
Total 22 15
 Univariate Table
Table-1: Distribution of 37 Cases of Bird
Flu in Tangail district by sex, 20..

Sex Number %

Male 22 59.4
Female 15 40.6

Total 37 100.0
Table 2 Age Distribution of 37 Cases of Bird Flu
in Tangail district, 20..

Age gr (yrs) Number Percentage

0-19 17
20-39 14
40-59 3
60-79 2
80-99 1
 Total 37 100.0
 Univariate Table
Table-1: Age distribution of 37 Cases

Age group Number %

(yrs.)
0-9 7 19.0
10-19 10 27.0
20-29 10 27.0
30-39 4 10.8
40 above 6 16.2
Total 37 100.0
 Graph
Qualitative Data: Quantitative Data:
Bar Diagram Histogram
Simple Frequency polygon
Multiple Ogive
Proportional Frequency curve
Pictogram Scatter Diagram
Area map Stem and leaf
Box and whisker

Qualitative-Quantitative Mix:
Line diagram
 Table-4: Health professional
in Poland in 1973
Profession Number

Physicians 54,930
Medical Assistants 4,762
Dentists 15,091
Pharmacists 13,388
Veterinarians 6,600
Midwives 13,250
Nurses 98,593
Assistant nurses 19,051
Medical Assistants

Veterinarians

Midwives

Pharmacists

Dentists

Assistant nurses

Physicians

Nurses

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000

Fig-I: Health professional in Poland in 1973

 Table-5: Effects of an antibiotic on infected Rabbit eyes
compared with a set of controls

Severity of Treated with Control

eye infection clindamycin
n (%) n (%)

Mild Retinochoroditis 3(25.0) 6 (25)

Moderate 6(50.0) 6 (25)
Marked 2 (16.7) 4 (17)
Severe 1 (8.3) 8(33)

Total 12 (100) 24 (100)

 60

50

40
Treated with Clindamycin
Percent

30 Control

20

10

0
Mild Moderate Marked Severe
Retinochoroditis

Fig.II: Effects of an antibiotic on infected Rabbit eyes

compared with a set of controls
Table-6: Causes of Death in the USA, 1974

Disease type Frequency

Heart Disease 382

Influenza and Pneum. 28
Stroke 107
Accidents 54
Cancer 186
Other 243

Total 1000
 243
382 Heart Disease
Influenza and Pneum.
Stroke
Accidents
Cancer
186 Other

107 28
54

Fig.-III: Causes of Death in the USA, 1974

25

20

15

10

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17

Fig.-V: Frequency distribution of length in a

catch of Trigla Hirundo L.
Histogram
Table-7: Frequency distribution of length in a catch of
Trigla Hirundo L.

Length Frequency Cumulative Relative

(cm) Frequency Frequency

4-6 3 3 6.4
6-8 6 9 12.8
8-10 5 14 10.6
10-12 24 38 51.1
12-14 5 43 10.6
14-16 4 47 8.5
Total n=47 100.00
 50
45
Cumulative Frequency 40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Fig.-VI: Cumulative Frequency distribution of

length in a catch of Trigla Hirundo L.
Ogive
 6.2

5.8
Deaths/100000/year

5.6

5.4

5.2

4.8

4.6

4.4
1
60 2
61 3
62 4
63 564 6
65 7
66 8
67 968 10
69

Year

Fig 1Crude death rate for a locality, 1960-1969

Table-9: Bed-side temperature of a patient

Time Temp.
6.00 AM 99oc
9.00 AM 104oc
12.00 Noon 105oc
15.00 PM 102oc
18.00 PM 101oc
21.00 PM 100oc
 106
105

104
103
Temperatur

102

101
100
99
e

98

97
96

6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00

Fig.-VIII: Bed-side temperature chart of a

patient
 6.2

5.8

Death/ 100,000/year
5.6

5.4

5.2

4.8

4.6

4.4
60
1 2 3 4 5 65
6 7 8 9 10
70 year

Fig 1Crude death rate for a locality, 1960-1969

 7

5
Death/100000/year

0
60
1 61
2 362 463 564 665 766 67
8 68
9 69
10
Year

Fig 1Crude death rate for a locality, 1960-1969

Table-10: Monthly Family income and weight of
children 5 years and above

Monthly Family income Weight (kg)

(Taka ‘oo)

130 15.5
200 19.8
345 21.5
245 16.8
155 12.6
300 16.6
360 18.1
80 13.1
275 20.1
 25

20

15
Weight

10
(kg)

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Monthly family income Taka. ‘00

Fig.-IX: Monthly Family income and weight of children

5 years and above
Relationship may be
Spurious
Obscured
Statistical techniques are available to
eliminate Spuriousness/Obscurity and to
find out true relationship
Conclusion
Research attempts to find
Facts or truth – statistics
assists
Sources:
 Health statistics – A manual for teachers of medical students
edited by CR Lowe, SK Lawanga
 Methods in Biostatistics by BK Mahajan
 Business Statistics by SP Gupta, MP Gupta
 Evaluation and decision making for health services programs
by James E Veney, Arnold D Kaluzny
 Methods and techniques of Social Research
by AJM Sufian