3 Types of

Ecotourist

Hard ecotourist

Soft ecotourist and

The adventure
ecotourist
HARD ECOTOURIST
• The hard ecotourist is motivated
primarily by a scientific interest in
nature and is interested in bird
watching, nature photography, and
botanical trips.
• Sometimes they will take on activities
that require strenuous effort and non-
hotel accommodations. However, they
are demanding more amenities at
hotels and resorts drving up the price.
Soft Ecotourist
• They are the fastest growing
segment.
• This type is interested in
observing wildlife and
participating in local culture.
• Hiking is a favorite activity
and they are less intense than
the hard ecotourist.
• The third type is the adventure
ecotourist.
• This type engages in moderate to
high-risk activities such
as surfing, scuba diving, snorkeling,
wind surfing, whitewater rafting,
and sport fishing. These types are
the adrenaline all or nothing types
looking for a challenge.
Motivations

• Environmental Consciousness: Sustainability and environmental

conservation are major concerns for eco-tourists.

• Nature Appreciation: They genuinely care about protecting and

enjoying the natural environments, animals, and landscapes.

• Cultural Exchange: Genuine cultural encounters and interactions with

local communities are sought after by many eco-tourists.
Preferences:

• Sustainable Lodging: They favor environmentally friendly lodging

choices like ecolodges, eco-certified lodgings, or sustainable resorts.

• Nature-based Activities: Hiking, birdwatching, snorkeling, wildlife

safaris, and ethical wildlife encounters are among the activities that
eco-tourists take pleasure in.

• Local Cuisine: They frequently favor environmentally friendly,

sustainably produced, organic foods that are sourced locally.

• Low Environmental Impact: Bicycling, hiking, and taking public

transportation are among the travel options that eco-tourists favor
because they leave the least environmental impact.

•
• Travel Ethics: They follow travel ethics, which include reducing waste, honoring local
customs, and contributing to conservation initiatives.
Participation in Conservation: A large number of eco-tourists actively engage in or make
contributions to conservation and sustainable development projects.

• Seek Authenticity: Reluctant to travel to popular tourist spots, eco-tourists instead look
for off-the-beaten-path adventures that provide genuine opportunities to engage with
locals and the environment.
The demographics:

• Age Range: Although eco-tourists come from a variety of backgrounds, they are
frequently young adults who value sustainability, such as millennials and Generation Z.

• Education and Income: They usually have higher levels of education and disposable
income, which enables them to book environmentally friendly travel.
Geographic Origin: Although the origins of eco-tourists are varied, they frequently live
in areas that have significant environmental awareness and conservation initiatives.
• Adventure Seekers:

These travelers are thrill-seekers who go outdoor activities like

whitewater rafting, rock climbing, and jungle trekking in search of
adventure and excitement. When it comes to their love of outdoor
experiences, they frequently coincide with eco-tourists.

• Explorers of Culture:

Destinations rich in local customs, history, and heritage beckon cultural

explorers. They take pleasure in fully embracing the traditions,
gastronomy, and way of life of many cultures.

• Those who travel in luxury

The top priorities for luxury travelers are comfort, exclusivity, and
customized experiences. Even though they might not always put an
emphasis on environmentally friendly practices, more and more people
are looking for upscale lodging and experiences that have a solid
sustainability record.

• Family Vacationers:

Family vacationers travel with children and seek destinations and

activities suitable for all ages. They may prioritize eco-friendly options
that offer educational opportunities for their children while also
ensuring family-friendly amenities and safety.
Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
 Global Code of Ethics for Tourism

1. Tourism's contribution to mutual understanding and respect between peoples

and societies
2. Tourism as a vehicle for individual and collective fulfilment
3. Tourism, a factor of sustainable development
4. Tourism, a user of the cultural heritage of mankind and contributor to its
enhancement
5. Tourism, a beneficial activity for host countries and communities
6. Obligations of stakeholders in tourism development
7. Right to tourism
8. Liberty of tourist movements
9. Rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry
10. Implementation of the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
• The Global Code of Ethics for • The Global Code of Ethics for
Tourism sets a frame of reference for Tourism (GCET) is a
the responsible and sustainable comprehensive set of
development of world tourism. It principles whose purpose is to guide
draws inspiration from many similar stakeholders in tourism development:
declarations and industry codes that central and local governments, local
have come before and it adds new communities, the tourism industry and
thinking that reflects our changing its professionals, as well as visitors,
society at the beginning of the 21st both international and domestic.
century.
Adopted in 1999 by the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization,
its acknowledgement by the United Nations two years later expressly encouraged
UN Tourism to promote the effective follow-up of its provisions. Although not
legally binding, the Code features a voluntary implementation
mechanism through its recognition of the role of the
World Committee on Tourism Ethics (WCTE), to which stakeholders may
refer matters concerning the application and interpretation of the document.
Tourism's contribution to mutual understanding
and respect between peoples and societies
Mutual understanding. Host communities
Respect for diversity. Encouraging and tourism professionals should
Harmony with host regions. Conducting
tolerance and respect for different cultural, familiarize themselves with tourists, their
tourism activities in alignment with the
religious, and moral beliefs while valuing lifestyles, preferences, and expectations,
attributes, traditions, and laws of the
social and cultural traditions, especially thereby contributing to a welcoming
regions and countries being visited.
those of minorities and indigenous peoples. environment through education and
training.

Protection and safety. Public authorities are

tasked with ensuring the safety and Legal and ethical conduct.Tourists should
Self-awareness and risk
protection of tourists, including foreign adhere to the laws and customs of the
management.Tourists have a responsibility
visitors who may be particularly vulnerable, countries they visit, refraining from
to educate themselves about the countries
by implementing measures for information, criminal activities, offensive behavior, or
they plan to visit, including health and
prevention, security, insurance, and actions that harm the local environment.
safety risks, and to behave in a manner that
assistance. Any threats or harm to tourists This includes avoiding trafficking in illegal
minimizes these risks.
or tourism infrastructure should be substances or endangered species.
condemned and punished.
 Tourism as a vehicle for individual and collective
fulfilment

1. Tourism, the activity most frequently associated with rest and relaxation, sport and access to
culture and nature, should be planned and practised as a privileged means of individual and collective
fulfilment; when practised with a sufficiently open mind, it is an irreplaceable factor of self-education,
mutual tolerance and for learning about the legitimate differences between peoples and cultures and
their diversity;
2. Tourism activities should respect the equality of men and women; they should promote human
rights and, more particularly, the individual rights of the most vulnerable groups, notably children, the
elderly, the handicapped, ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples;
3. The exploitation of human beings in any form, particularly sexual, especially when applied to
children, conflicts with the fundamental aims of tourism and is the negation of tourism; as such, in
accordance with international law, it should be energetically combatted with the cooperation of all the
States concerned and penalized without concession by the national legislation of both the countries
visited and the countries of the perpetrators of these acts, even when they are carried out abroad;
4. Travel for purposes of religion, health, education and cultural or linguistic exchanges are
particularly beneficial forms of tourism, which deserve encouragement;
5. The introduction into curricula of education about the value of tourist exchanges, their economic,
social and cultural benefits, and also their risks, should be encouraged
Tourism, a factor of sustainable development
1. All the stakeholders in tourism development
should safeguard the natural environment with a view
to achieving sound, continuous and sustainable
economic growth geared to satisfying equitably the
needs and aspirations of present and future generations;
2. All forms of tourism development that are conducive
to saving rare and precious resources, in particular
water and energy, as well as avoiding so far as possible
waste production, should be given priority and
encouraged by national, regional and local public
authorities;
3. The staggering in time and space of tourist and
visitor flows, particularly those resulting from paid
leave and school holidays, and a more even distribution
of holidays should be sought so as to reduce the
pressure of tourism activity on the environment and
enhance its beneficial impact on the tourism industry
and the local economy;
4. Tourism infrastructure should be designed and
tourism activities programmed in such a way as to
protect the natural heritage composed of ecosystems
and biodiversity and to preserve endangered species
of wildlife; the stakeholders in tourism
development, and especially professionals, should
agree to the imposition of limitations or constraints
on their activities when these are exercised in
particularly sensitive areas: desert, polar or high
mountain regions, coastal areas, tropical forests or
wetlands, propitious to the creation of nature
reserves or protected areas;
5. Nature tourism and ecotourism are recognized as
being particularly conducive to enriching and
enhancing the standing of tourism, provided they
respect the natural heritage and local populations
and are in keeping with the carrying capacity of the
sites
Tourism, a user of the cultural heritage of mankind and contributor to
its enhancement
1. Tourism resources belong to the common heritage of mankind; the
communities in whose territories they are situated have particular rights
and obligations to them;
2. Tourism policies and activities should be conducted with respect for the
artistic, archaeological and cultural heritage, which they should protect and
pass on to future generations; particular care should be devoted to
preserving and upgrading monuments, shrines and museums as well as
archaeological and historic sites which must be widely open to tourist
visits; encouragement should be given to public access to privately-owned
cultural property and monuments, with respect for the rights of their
owners, as well as to religious buildings, without prejudice to normal needs
of worship;
3. Financial resources derived from visits to cultural sites and monuments
should, at least in part, be used for the upkeep, safeguard, development and
embellishment of this heritage;
4. Tourism activity should be planned in such a way as to allow traditional
cultural products, crafts and folklore to survive and flourish, rather than
causing them to degenerate and become standardized
Obligations of stakeholders in tourism development
1. Tourism professionals have an obligation to provide
tourists with objective and honest information on their places of
destination and on the conditions of travel, hospitality and
stays; they should ensure that the contractual clauses proposed
to their customers are readily understandable as to the nature,
price and quality of the services they commit themselves to
providing and the financial compensation payable by them in
the event of a unilateral breach of contract on their part;
2. Tourism professionals, insofar as it depends on them, should
show concern, in co-operation with the public authorities, for
the security and safety, accident prevention, health protection
and food safety of those who seek their services; likewise, they
should ensure the existence of suitable systems of insurance
and assistance; they should accept the reporting obligations
prescribed by national regulations and pay fair compensation in
the event of failure to observe their contractual obligations;
3.
3. Tourism professionals, so far as this depends on them, should contribute to the cultural and
spiritual fulfilment of tourists and allow them, during their travels, to practice their religions;
4. The public authorities of the generating States and the host countries, in cooperation with
the professionals concerned and their associations, should ensure that the necessary
mechanisms are in place for the repatriation of tourists in the event of the bankruptcy of the
enterprise that organized their travel;
5. Governments have the right – and the duty - especially in a crisis, to inform their nationals
of the difficult circumstances, or even the dangers they may encounter during their travels
abroad; it is their responsibility however to issue such information without prejudicing in an
unjustified or exaggerated manner the tourism industry of the host countries and the interests
of their own operators; the contents of travel advisories should therefore be discussed
beforehand with the authorities of the host countries and the professionals concerned;
recommendations formulated should be strictly proportionate to the gravity of the situations
encountered and confined to the geographical areas where the insecurity has arisen; such
advisories should be qualified or cancelled as soon as a return to normality permits;
6. The press, and particularly the specialized travel press and the other media, including
modern means of electronic communication, should issue honest and balanced information
on events and situations that could influence the flow of tourists; they should also provide
accurate and reliable information to the consumers of tourism services; the new
communication and electronic commerce technologies should also be developed and used for
this purpose; as is the case for the media, they should not in any way promote sex tourism
• Tourism, a beneficial activity for host countries and
communities
• Tourism, a beneficial activity for host countries and communities1. Local populations should be
associated with tourism activities and share equitably in the economic, social and cultural benefits they
generate, and particularly in the creation of direct and indirect jobs resulting from them;
• 2. Tourism policies should be applied in such a way as to help to raise the standard of living of the
populations of the regions visited and meet their needs; the planning and architectural approach to and
operation of tourism resorts and accommodation should aim to integrate them, to the extent possible, in
the local economic and social fabric; where skills are equal, priority should be given to local manpower;
• 3. Special attention should be paid to the specific problems of coastal areas and island territories and to
vulnerable rural or mountain regions, for which tourism often represents a rare opportunity for
development in the face of the decline of traditional economic activities;
• 4. Tourism professionals, particularly investors, governed by the regulations laid down by the public
authorities, should carry out studies of the impact of their development projects on the environment and
natural surroundings; they should also deliver, with the greatest transparency and objectivity, information
on their future programmes and their foreseeable repercussions and foster dialogue on their contents with
the populations concerned
Right to tourism
1. The prospect of direct and personal access to the discovery and enjoyment
of the planet’s resources constitutes a right equally open to all the world’s
inhabitants; the increasingly extensive participation in national and international
tourism should be regarded as one of the best possible expressions of the sustained
growth of free time, and obstacles should not be placed in its way;
2. The universal right to tourism must be regarded as the corollary of the right to rest
and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays
with pay, guaranteed by Article 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
and Article 7.d of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights;
3. Social tourism, and in particular associative tourism, which facilitates widespread
access to leisure, travel and holidays, should be developed with the support of the
public authorities;
4. Family, youth, student and senior tourism and tourism for people with disabilities,
should be encouraged and facilitated
Liberty of tourist movements
1. Tourists and visitors should benefit, in compliance with international
law and national legislation, from the liberty to move within their countries and
from one State to another, in accordance with Article 13 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights; they should have access to places of transit and
stay and to tourism and cultural sites without being subject to excessive
formalities or discrimination;
2. Tourists and visitors should have access to all available forms of
communication, internal or external; they should benefit from prompt and easy
access to local administrative, legal and health services; they should be free to
contact the consular representatives of their countries of origin in compliance
with the diplomatic conventions in force;
3. Tourists and visitors should benefit from the same rights as the citizens of the
country visited concerning the confidentiality of the personal data and
information concerning them, especially when these are stored electronically;
4. Administrative procedures relating to border crossings whether they fall
within the competence of States or result from international agreements, such
as visas or health and customs formalities, should be adapted, so far as
possible, so as to facilitate to the maximum freedom of travel and widespread
access to international tourism; agreements between groups of countries to
harmonize and simplify these procedures should be encouraged; specific taxes
and levies penalizing the tourism industry and undermining its competitiveness
should be gradually phased out or corrected;
5. So far as the economic situation of the countries from which they come
permits, travellers should have access to allowances of convertible currencies
needed for their travels
Rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry
1. The fundamental rights of salaried and self-employed workers
in the tourism industry and related activities, should be guaranteed
under the supervision of the national and local administrations, both of
their States of origin and of the host countries with particular care,
given the specific constraints linked in particular to the seasonality of
their activity, the global dimension of their industry and the flexibility
often required of them by the nature of their work;
2. Salaried and self-employed workers in the tourism industry and
related activities have the right and the duty to acquire appropriate
initial and continuous training; they should be given adequate social
protection; job insecurity should be limited so far as possible; and a
specific status, with particular regard to their social welfare, should be
offered to seasonal workers in the sector;
3. Any natural or legal person, provided he, she or it has the necessary
abilities and skills, should be entitled to develop a professional activity
in the field of tourism under existing national laws; entrepreneurs and
investors - especially in the area of small and medium-sized
enterprises - should be entitled to free access to the tourism sector with
a minimum of legal or administrative restrictions;
Rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry

4. Exchanges of experience offered to executives and workers, whether

salaried or not, from different countries, contributes to foster the
development of the world tourism industry; these movements should be
facilitated so far as possible in compliance with the applicable national
laws and international conventions;
5. As an irreplaceable factor of solidarity in the development and dynamic
growth of international exchanges, multinational enterprises of the
tourism industry should not exploit the dominant positions they
sometimes occupy; they should avoid becoming the vehicles of cultural
and social models artificially imposed on the host communities; in
exchange for their freedom to invest and trade which should be fully
recognized, they should involve themselves in local development,
avoiding, by the excessive repatriation of their profits or their induced
imports, a reduction of their contribution to the economies in which they
are established;
6. Partnership and the establishment of balanced relations between
enterprises of generating and receiving countries contribute to the
sustainable development of tourism and an equitable distribution of the
benefits of its growth
Implementation of the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for
Tourism
1. The public and private stakeholders in tourism development should
cooperate in the implementation of these principles and monitor their
effective application;
2. The stakeholders in tourism development should recognize the role of
international institutions, among which the World Tourism Organization ranks
first, and non-governmental organizations with competence in the field of
tourism promotion and development, the protection of human rights, the
environment or health, with due respect for the general principles of
international law;
3. The same stakeholders should demonstrate their intention to refer any
disputes concerning the application or interpretation of the Global Code of
Ethics for Tourism for conciliation to an impartial third body known as the
World Committee on Tourism Ethics.
 Ten Commandments on Ecotourism
1. Respect the frailty of the earth. Realize that unless all are willing to help in its preservation, unique and beautiful destinations may
not be here for future generations to enjoy.
2. Leave only footprints. Take only photographs. No graffiti! No litter! Do not take away souvenirs from historical sites and natural
areas.
3. To make your travels more meaningful, educate yourself about the geography, customs, manners and cultures of the region you
visit. Take time to listen to the people. Encourage local conservation efforts.
4. Respect the privacy and dignity of others. Inquire before photographing people.
5. Do not buy products made from endangered plants or animals, such as ivory, tortoise shell, animal skins, and feathers. Read Know
Before You Go, the U. S. Customs list of products which cannot be imported.
6. Always follow designated trails. Do not disturb animals, plants or their natural habitats.
7. Learn about and support conservation-oriented programs and organizations working to preserve the environment.
8. Whenever possible, walk or use environmentally-sound methods of transportation. Encourage drivers of public vehicles to stop
engines when parked.
9. Patronize those (hotels, airlines, resorts, cruise lines, tour operators and suppliers) who advance energy and environmental
conservation; water and air quality; recycling; safe management of waste and toxic materials; noise abatement, community
involvement; and which provide experienced, well-trained staff dedicated to strong principles of conservation.
10.Encourage organizations to subscribe to environmental guidelines. ASTA urges organizations to adopt their own environmental
codes to cover special sties and ecosystems.
Core- Periphery
Concept and
Community
Development
• The core-periphery model is
a theory in human geography
that explains the spatial
organization of economic,
political, and cultural power
within a region. It suggests
that there is a dominant core
area with high levels of
development surrounded by
a less developed periphery.
ANALOGY:
• Imagine a school cafeteria where the popular kids sit at one central
table (the core) while the less popular kids sit at tables around them
(the periphery). The popular kids have more influence and resources,
while the other students have fewer opportunities.
• Imagine a high school where seniors (core) have privileges like
priority access to resources and decision-making, while freshmen
(periphery) provide support during events but have limited say and
benefits. This setup creates a hierarchy where the needs and interests
of the seniors are prioritized over those of the freshmen, mirroring
how developed countries benefit at the expense of developing ones.