Module 5 Terms Comprehension and Extension

The Term
Module 5
The Term
● Term is the external representation of a concept and the
ultimate structural element of proposition.
● It is the sensible expression of ideas.
● It is a verbal or oral, or written expression of an idea.
● It may also be understood as an idea or group of ideas
expressed in words.
According to Meaning
1. Universal or Homologous - a term bearing the same meaning and applied to several
individuals.
● For examples: Scientist, Filipino, man

According to Meaning
2.) Analogous - a term expressing kindred meanings or more which is predicated of two or more
things in a sense that is partly the same and partly different.
It may be:
a.) By proportionality, or by virtue of the kindred similarity of the conceptual and formal reason.
Examples: beautiful, good
b.) By proportion or by association of the objects to which the term is applied.
Examples: health, love, legs, foot

3.) Equivocal
● Term outwardly or apparently the same, but expressing different meanings.
Examples: sweet and suite
Bow (inclination or weapon)
Bat (animal or club)
Club (Weapon, group, or building
Ring (device or sound)
4.) Metaphorical
● The term transferred from its proper meaning or object and
applied to something else, on account of the latter’s
resemblance to the former and to denote such resemblance.
Examples: king of animals, hand of God, henpecked husband
B. According to Extension
1. Common - a term which may be applied indiscriminately to many persons or objects.
Examples: student, teacher, boy, house
2. Singular or Individual - a term that applies only to one object
a. Proper name
Examples: Crisanto Evagelista, Jose Rizal University
According to Extension
b.) a common term restricted by a particular circumstances of place, time, incident or
object
Examples: Martial Law, North Luzon Expressway (NLEX), the president of the Senate and
the incumbent bishop of Malolos, Bulacan
c.) a common term restricted by a demonstrative pronoun
For examples: this teacher, those students
According to Comprehension
1. Generic - a term expressing the common constituent or the common essential feature
of an object.
Example: tool, animal
2. Specific - expresses the distinctive constituent or th distinctive essential feature of an
object.
Example: rational
According to Quality
1. Positive - refers to a term which may be:

a.) Positive in form and positive in meaning (PP)
Examples: calmness, life, love, peace
b.) Negative in form but positive in meaning (NP)
Examples: immorality, infinity, independence
According to Quality
C. Positive in Form but negative in meaning (PN)
Examples: capability or right to commit mistake, to die, to fall asleep or video game
addiction
2.) Negative - refers to a terms which may be:
a.) Negative in form and negative in meaning (NN)
Examples: noise, terrorism, ugliness
According to its Component
1. Simple or single-worded - a term made up of only one word
Examples: man, community, student
2. Compound or many-worded - a term made up of several component words

Examples: sugar-coated, empty-handed, student-friendly, man-made
Properties of Term
● Comprehension
○ It is the sum-total of all notes (the elements that comprise the significance of
an idea) which constitute the meaning of the concept.
○ Man is an animal, a rational, living body; an organism; a sentient, material
substance; a being.
○ All these notes constitute the comprehension of man.
○ The comprehension should include not only the necessary elements or notes
that make up its essence but also all elements deductible to its essential notes
such as man’s ability to talk, walk, and live with others.
Extension
● It is the sum-total of particulars to which the comprehension
of a concept can be applied.
● Man is a rational animal. “Rational animal” is the
comprehension of “man” while the particular or individual
men in whom the elements of rationality and animality are
found and, therefore, can be applied to are the extensions of
man.
Comprehension & Extension
● The inverse relation of comprehension and

extension states that: THE GREATER THE
COMPREHENSION OF A TERM, THE
LESSER ITS EXTENSION AND VICE
VERSA.
Comprehension and Extension
1. Country - Continent (Country - Extension)
2. Magnolia - (Magnolia - Ice Cream) (Magnolia - Comprehension)
3. Female - Mother (Female - Comprehension)
4. Substance - Body (Substance - Comprehension)
5. Logic - Subject (Logic - Extension)
6. Society - Family (Society - Comprehension)
7. Liquid -Water (Liquid - Comprehension)
8. Woman - Wiff (Woman - Comprehension)
Comprehension and Extension
9. Season - Winter (Season - Comprehension)

10. Dinner - Meal (Dinner - Extension
11. Chicken - Hen (Chicken - Comprehension)
12. PUP - school ( PUP - Extension)
13. Money - Dollars (Money - Comprehension)
14. Rock - Music ( Rock - Extension)
15. Fruit - Apple ( Fruit - Extension)
Kinds of Extension
1. Absolute Extension
● Absolute extension is any definite or thinkable subject predicated by the term. This
means all actual and possible individual subjects to which comprehension of a term
can be applied.
Examples:
● Man is rational
● A dog is animal
Kinds of Extension
2. Functional Extension
● is the sum total of individual subjects present to the mind at the moment of discourse
- at the moment I think and speak and write.
● We have three (3) kinds of functional extension;
● singular, particular, and universal.
● a. Singular - a term is singular if it stands for a single definite individual or group.
The signs of singularity are:
● (1) Proper noun
Examples: Raul, Baguio, FEU

Kinds of Extension
● (2) Nouns modified by adjectives in the superlative degree
● Examples: first, worst, most charming
● (3) DemonstrativesExamples: this book, that sculpture
● (4) Collective nouns - not just the word but also expressions implying a single
wholeExamples:a) flock, orchestra, audience
● b) A hundred balloons filled the ceiling
● c) A thousand people jampacked the lecture hall
Kinds of Extension
The article “the” refers specifically and definitely to the gentleman in barong tagalog - not
to any other gentleman, and to the restaurant across the street - not to any other restaurant.
The articles “a” and “an”, on the other hand, are never signs of singularity, unlike in
grammar where they are signs of singularity.
Example: A boy is the first prize winner - “boy” here is indefinite; which boy is meant?
That is why it is not singular but particular.
(5) Personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, we, they, my, your, our, et
Kinds of Extension
Kinds of Extension
Kinds of Functional Extension

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The Term

● For examples: Scientist, Filipino, man

b.) By proportion or by association of the objects to which the term is applied.

Examples: health, love, legs, foot

2. Singular or Individual - a term that applies only to one object

1. Positive - refers to a term which may be:

2. Compound or many-worded - a term made up of several component words

● The inverse relation of comprehension and

9. Season - Winter (Season - Comprehension)

Examples: Raul, Baguio, FEU

That is why it is not singular but particular.

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