Reference: Jorge Olenewa, Guide To Wireless Communications, 3

Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 56

INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS

COMMUNICATIONS

Reference: Jorge Olenewa, Guide to Wireless Communications, 3rd edition,


ISBN-13: 9781111307318, 2013 © Cengage Learning 2014
Objectives
2

 Describe how wireless communications


technologies are used today
 List various applications of wireless
communications technology
 Outline the advantages and disadvantages of
wireless communications technology
 List several types of wireless technologies and their
purposes

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


History of Wireless Networks
3

 Progress of transmission:
 fire and smoke used by Indians ==> messenger on
horseback ==> telephone line ==> networks
 Traditional networks (LAN, MAN, WAN) have
provided great convenience:
 in office, hotel room, or home
 But you cannot utilize the service unless you are physically
connected to a LAN or a telephone line.
 ALOHANET by University of Hawaii:
 7 campuses over 4 islands; star-like structure centered at
the Oahu island in 70’s.

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


History of Wireless Networks
4

 In 80’s, amateur radio hobbyists built TNC


(terminal node controller) to interface “hams” radio
equipment and their computers.

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Wireless communication
5

 RF spectrum are available because they exist


worldwide
 using frequencies at will would eventually disable all
communication
 Regulatory bodies have been formed to keep the
RF spectrum organized open for fair use
 There are three main regulatory bodies that govern
the RF spectrum: ITU-R, FCC, ETSI

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Progress of Wireless Communication
6

 In 1985, FCC authorized the use of ISM bands for


Industrial, Scientific, and Medical for commercial
development.
 ISM is very attractive to vendors because NO
obtaining FCC license is required.
 In 90’s, small-size computers started to appear.
 laptop, palmtop, PDA
 Wireless LAN products populate

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


ISM Band defined by ITU-R
7

Frequency range Bandwidth Center frequency Availability


Subject to local
6.765 MHz 6.795 MHz 30 kHz 6.780 MHz
acceptance
13.553 MHz 13.567 MHz 14 kHz 13.560 MHz
26.957 MHz 27.283 MHz 326 kHz 27.120 MHz Worldwide
40.660 MHz 40.700 MHz 40 kHz 40.680 MHz
Region 1 only and
433.050 MHz 434.790 MHz 1.84 MHz 433.920 MHz subject to local
acceptance
Region 2 only (with
902.000 MHz 928.000 MHz 26 MHz 915.000 MHz
some exceptions)
2.400 GHz 2.500 GHz 100 MHz 2.450 GHz
5.725 GHz 5.875 GHz 150 MHz 5.800 GHz Worldwide
24.000 GHz 24.250 GHz 250 MHz 24.125 GHz

61.000 GHz 61.500 GHz 500 MHz 61.250 GHz


Subject to local
122.000 GHz 123.000 GHz 1 GHz 122.500 GHz
acceptance
244.000 GHz 246.000 GHz 2 GHz 245.000 GHz

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


How Wireless Technology is Used
8

 Wireless: describes all types of devices and


technologies not connected by a wire
 Wireless communications: transmission of digital data
without the use of wires
 Various forms of wireless data communications:
 Bluetooth
 WirelessHD
 WiGig
 Satellite
 Cellular
 Wi-Fi-based wireless LANs
 Fixed broadband wireless communications
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
A Wireless World
9

 Wireless devices
 Distance: up to 330 feet (100 meters)
 Bandwidth: up to 300 Mbps
 Can also include Voice over IP (VoIP)
 Wireless network interface card (Wireless NIC)
 Sends and receives data over radio waves
 Smartphone: Combination mobile phone and personal
digital assistant (PDA)
 Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags: small
chips containing radio transponders
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Figure 1-1 Home wireless network (WLAN)

10 242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Bluetooth and Other Short-Range Wireless
Technologies
11

 Bluetooth
 Wireless standard designed for very short ranges
 Typically a few inches to 33 feet (10 meters)
 Main purpose is to eliminate cables between devices
 Bluetooth communicates using small, low-power
transceivers called radio modules
 Link manager
 Special software that helps identify other Bluetooth
devices, create a link between them, and send and
receive digital data
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Figure 1-2 Two examples of Bluetooth headsets: mono (left) and stereo (right)

12 242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Bluetooth and Other Short-Range Wireless
Technologies
13

 Wireless HD and WiGig


 Can transfer video and sound at speeds between 7 Gbps
and 10 Gbps using Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
 Distance: up to 10 meters (only in a room with few or no
obstacles)
 Greater the distance, the slower the transmission
 Piconet
 Wireless personal area network (WPAN)
 Consists of two or more Bluetooth devices that are
exchanging data with each other
 Up seven devices can belong to a single WPAN
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Figure 1-3 Bluetooth network (piconet) or WPAN between
a cordless handset and a headset

14 242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Satellite Networks
15

 Used to transmit data over very long distance


 Repeater
 Located in the satellite itself
 “Repeats” the same signal to another location down on
the surface
 Used to transmit data from one earth station to another
 Transmission time can be up to 250 milliseconds

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Figure 1-5 Satellite repeating a signal to another Earth station

16 242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Cellular Networks
17

 Modern cellular telephone network


 Built around the concept of low-power transmitters
 With each “cell” handling a number of users
 Transmission towers are spread throughout a
geographical area
 The same radio frequency channels can be reused by
another tower
 Located a few miles away to avoid interference
 Maximizes the use of a limited range of frequency channels

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Figure 1-6 Smartphones - Blackberry Bold (left) and Apple iPhone (right)

18 242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Cellular Networks
19

 4G (fourth generation) technology


 Uses 100% digital transmission for both voice and data
 Transmission speed
 Over 150 Mbps when stationary
 45 Mbps for slow-moving pedestrians
 20 Mbps in a fast moving vehicle

 3G (third generation) technology


 Has a theoretical maximum data transmission rate of up
to 21 Mbps
 Realistic speeds are between 3 to 11 Mbps
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Figure 1-7 Digital cellular network

20 242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Wireless Local Area Networks
21

 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)


 Extension of a wired LAN
 Connecting to it through a device called a wireless access
point
 Access point (AP or wireless AP)
 Relays data signals among all of the devices on the wired
network
 Each computer on the WLAN has a wireless network
interface card (NIC)
 Has an antenna built into it

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Figure 1-8 Clockwise from top left: a) access point with built-in antennas,
b) USB Wireless NIC, c) PCMCIA, and d) PCI Wireless NICs

22 242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Wireless Local Area Networks
23

 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers


(IEEE) standards
 Established a series WLAN standards
 Most recent IEEE 802.11n-2009 (more commonly
known as IEEE 802.11n)
 Provides for transmission speeds of up to 600 Mbps and
covers distances up to 375 feet

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Figure 1-10 Office WLAN

24 242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Fixed Broadband Wire
25

 Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN)


 Transmits at up to 256 Kbps over regular phone lines
 T1 lines
 Transmit at 1.544 Mbps
 Very costly option
 Cable modems
 Generally only available in residential areas
 Digital subscriber lines (DSL)
 Use either regular or special telephone lines
 Speed is dependent on distance between FPE’s main office and
nearest telephone switching office
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Fixed Broadband Wireless
26

 Wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN)


 Covers a distance of up to 25 miles
 Based on the IEEE 802.16 WIMAX Fixed Broadband
Wireless standard
 Uses radio waves and small custom antennas on the roof of
each building in WMAN
 Transmission speeds
 75 Mbps at distances of up to 4 miles (6.4 km)
 17 to 50 Mbps at distances over 6 miles (10 km)
 Newer versions of IEEE 802.16m standard will be able to
achieve average speeds up to 100 Mbps
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Figure 1-11 IEEE 802.16 wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN)

27 242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Fixed Broadband Wireless
28

 Free-space optical
communication (FSO) is an
optical communication
technology.
 FSO uses light propagating in
free space to transmit data for
telecommunications or
computer networking.
 The technology is useful where
the physical connections are
impractical due to high costs or
other considerations. Photograph courtesy of MRV Communications

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


The Wireless Landscape
29

 Wireless communications
 Has become a standard means of communication for
people in many occupations and circumstances

Figure 1-14 Wireless communications


242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Table 1-1 Wireless data communications technologies

30 242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Figure 1-15 Comparing wireless communications technologies

31 242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


The Wireless Landscape
32

 Speeds of wireless networks vary greatly depending


on:
 Number of users connected
 Amount of data traffic
 Amount of interference present at the time
 Other factors that will be discussed in later chapters
 Job market will increase for:
 Wireless engineers
 Wireless local area network managers
 Wireless technical support personnel
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Digital Convergence
33

 Digital convergence
 Refers to the power of digital devices to combine
voice, video, and text-processing capabilities
 As well as to be connected to business and home networks
and to the Internet
 Same concept applies to the development of VoIP
networks
 Use the same protocols and media that once only carried
data
 Wireless technologies are used to fulfill many daily
activities
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Wireless Applications
34

 Main areas
 Education
 Home entertainment and Home control systems
 Health Care
 Government and Military
 Office environments
 Event management
 Travel
 Construction and warehouse management
 Environmental research
 Industrial control
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Education
35

 Ideal application for colleges and schools


 Instructors can create classroom resources in their
home or school office and easily connect to campus
network in the classroom
 It frees students from having to go to a specific
computer lab or the library
 To get on the school’s computer network
 Wireless technology translates into a cost savings for
colleges
 Traditional classrooms become computer labs without
the expense of additional wiring
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Home Entertainment
36

 Wireless communication
 Enables people to download, distribute, and control all
forms of digital entertainment from anywhere in the
house
 Examples:
 Wireless speakers, media players, game consoles, DVD
players, televisions, digital video recorders (DVRs), and
multimedia personal computers

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Home Control Systems
37

 Manufacturers are creating wireless systems that


enable us to:
 Control lights, heating, ventilation, air conditioning,
drapes, alarms, door locks, and home appliances
 Can control from locations throughout the house or
even from smartphones or tablets outside the home
 Several systems use the ZigBee Alliance
communications protocols and the IEEE 802.15.4
standard

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Health Care
38

 Administering correct medication in a hospital setting


 A major concern for the health care industry
 Wireless point-of-care computer systems
 Allow medical staff to access and update patient records immediately
 Many hospitals use portable devices with barcode scanners or
RFID and a wireless connection
 Patients may have a barcoded or RFID-enabled armband that
can be scanned to access records
 System immediately verifies correct medication

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Government
39

 Wireless communication
 Lets residents, city employees, contractors, and utility
staff collect and transmit data to central databases
 Examples:
 Building inspectors can update permit data while at the
construction site
 City employees can locate and monitor municipal vehicles
 Delivers broadband connectivity to schools, libraries, and
government buildings
 Provides free Internet access to residents and attracts
visitors and businesspeople
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Military
40

 Latest devices allow military personnel in the field to:


 Use voice and the Internet
 Receive and transmit full-motion video
 Maneuver remote control survey drones
 Use digital battlefield maps
 Many other applications

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Office Environments
41

 Employees in all lines of work no longer have to be


away from the data they need
 To help them make decisions
 Wireless technologies allow businesses to create an
office where the traditional infrastructure doesn’t
exist
 During office renovations or reorganization
 Employees can move to another location and be
connected immediately

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Event Management
42

 Wireless networks
 Help identify a stolen or counterfeit ticket
 Can also give a real-time look at traffic flow
 Use to determine where staff might be needed
 In-progress game statistics are available to any fan in
the stadium with a wireless device

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Travel
43

 Wireless global positioning systems (GPS)


 Tie into emergency roadside assistance services
 OnStar roadside assistance is an example
 Satellite radio
 Transmits over 150 music and talk stations
 Airport terminals are offering wireless technologies to
passengers
 Airplanes themselves are being equipped with wireless
data access
 City transit systems are also “going wireless”
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Construction
44

 Wireless communications
 Send information from the job site to the main office
 Tardy subcontractor or problems with materials
 Alert when maintenance operations need to be performed
on equipment
 Bulldozers and earth graders are being turned into “smart”
equipment
 Exact location of dig coordinates can be transmitted to a
terminal on the bulldozer
 Track engine hours and equipment location

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Warehouse Management
45

 Implementing wireless technology is key for many


warehouse operations
 Warehouse management system (WMS) software
 Used to manage all of the activities from receiving
through shipping
 In the near future
 Most of the bar code functions, including inventory
counting, will be replaced by RFID tags
 Will eliminate the need for printing and affixing labels

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Environmental Research
46

 Scientists are now using small, battery- or solar-cell-


powered WLAN sensors
 In places that were previously difficult to access and
monitor
 Considered a major breakthrough in many scientific
fields
 Has helped collect data that used to be very difficult or
impossible to collect and record

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Industrial Control
47

 Motes
 Remote sensors
 Can connect to a WLAN
 Then collect data and transmit it to a central location
 Manufacturing managers can monitor equipment
from an office
 Problems can be detected instantly
 Technicians in a control room can monitor status of
every machine or device
 Dispatch a technician when necessary
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Wireless Advantages and Disadvantages
48

 As with any new technology, wireless


communications offers both advantages and
disadvantages

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Advantages of Wireless Networking
49

 Mobility
 Freedom to move about without being tethered by wires
 Permits many industries to shift toward an increasingly mobile
workforce
 Creating “flatter” organizations with fewer management levels
between top executives and regular employees
 Easier and less expensive installation
 Installing network cabling in older buildings can be a difficult,
slow, and costly task
 Makes it easier for any office to be modified with new cubicles
or furniture
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Advantages of Wireless Networking
50

 Increased reliability
 Network cable failures may be the most common source
of network problems
 Disaster recovery
 In the event of a disaster, managers can quickly relocate
the office
 Some planners keep laptop computers with wireless NICs
and access points in reserve
 Future Applications
 Every day, a new application for wireless data
transmission is thought of or implemented
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Disadvantages of Wireless Networking
51

 Radio signal interference


 The potential for two signals to interfere exists
 Solution: locate source of interference and eliminate it
 Security
 It is possible for an intruder to be lurking outdoors with a
notebook computer and wireless NIC
 With the intent of intercepting the signals from a nearby wireless
network
 Some wireless technologies can provide added levels of
security
 Network managers can limit access
242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing
Disadvantages of Wireless Networking
52

 Health risks
 High levels of RF can produce biological damage
through heating effects
 Wireless devices emit low levels of RF while being used
 No clear picture of the biological effects of this type of
radiation has been found to date
 Science today does not yet permit anyone to draw a
definitive conclusion on the safety of wireless mobile
devices
 Be aware of the possibility and monitor ongoing scientific
research

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Summary
53

 Wireless communications have become commonplace


 Wireless networks and devices are found in all circles
of life today
 Wireless wide area networks will enable companies of
all sizes to interconnect their offices
 Without the high cost charged by telephone carriers for their
landline connections
 WLAN applications are found in a wide variety of
industries and organizations

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Summary
54

 Remote sensors capable of communicating using


wireless technologies
 Used in large manufacturing facilities to monitor
equipment and for scientific research
 Wireless communication advantages
 Mobility
 Easier and less expensive installation
 Increased network reliability
 Support for disaster recovery

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Summary
55

 Wireless communication disadvantages


 Radio signal interference
 Security issues
 Health risks

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing


Homework
56

 Describe all wireless technologies


that you are using in more details?
 Technology specification
 How do you use them

242-306 Mobile and Wireless Computing

You might also like