QUANTI or QUALI???

1. TIME MANAGEMENT: A METHODS FOR BETTER STUDY

HABITS
2. IMPACT OF MOBILE LEGENDS ADDICTION ON THE
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF GRADE 12 STEM
STUDENTS
3. SMARTPHONE: ROLE IN DETERIORATING THE ATTENTION
SPAN OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
4. LEVEL OF READING COMPREHENSION OF GRADE 12
HUMSS STUDENTS TOWARDS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
 QUANTI or QUALI???
5. PERCEPTIONS AND AWARENESS OF HUMSS
STUDENTS TOWARDS FACE-TO-FACE CLASSES
6. STEREOTYPING MENTALITY AND BELIEFS OF SHS
STUDENTS RELATING TO THE LGBTQIA+ COMMUNITY
7. POOR SCHOOL ATTENDANCE: SOCIOECONOMIC
REASONS OF GRADE 11 STUDENTS
8. COFFEE CONSUMPTIONS: ITS EFFECT TOWARDS THE
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF GRADE 11 STUDENTS
 BRAINSTORMING SESSION
How knowledgeable are you about your
surroundings? How can you know more about
people, places, and things in this world?
Share with your classmates some ways and
techniques you know about becoming
knowledgeable your friends, schoolmates, loved
ones, and so on.
 As a curious student, you want to
know so many things about your
surroundings as well as the people,
places, and things you find
interesting, intriguing, mysterious or
unique.
What comes to your
mind the moment you
hear
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH?
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
This research type that puts premium or high
value on people’s thinking or point of view
conditioned by their personal traits. As such,
it usually takes place in soft sciences like
social sciences, politics, economics,
humanities, education, psychology, nursing,
and all business-related subjects.
 Characteristics of a Qualitative
Research
1. Human understanding and interpretation
Data analysis results show an individual’s
mental, social, and spiritual understanding of
the world. Hence, through their world views,
you come to know what kind of human being
he or she is, including his or her values,
beliefs, likes, and dislikes.
2. Active, powerful and forceful
A lot of changes occur continuously in every stage
of a qualitative research. As you go through the research
process, you find the need to amend or rephrase interview
questions and consider varied ways of getting answers, like
shifting from mere speculating to traveling to places for data
gathering. You are not fixated to a certain plan. Rather, you
are inclined to discover your qualitative research design as
your study gradually unfolds or reveals itself in accordance
with your research objectives.
3. Multiple research approaches and methods
Qualitative research allows you to
approach or plan your study in varied ways. You are
free to combine this with quantitative research and
use all gathered data and analysis techniques. Being
a multi-method research, a qualitative study applies
to all research types: descriptive, exploratory,
explanatory, case study, etc.
4. Specificity to generalization
Specific ideas in a qualitative research are
directed to a general understanding of
something. It follows an inductive or scientific
methods of thinking, where you start thinking
of particular or specific concept that will
eventually lead you to more complex ideas such
as generalizations or conclusions.
5. Contextualization
A qualitative research involves all variables,
factors, or conditions affecting the study. Your
goal here is to understand human behaviour.
Thus, it is crucial for you to examine the context
or situation of an individual’s life-the who, what,
why, how and other circumstances-affecting his
or her way of life.
6. Diversified data in real-life situations
A qualitative researcher prefers collecting
data in a natural setting like observing people
as they live and work, analyzing photographs
or videos as they genuinely appear to people,
and looking at classrooms unchanged or
adjusted to people’s intentional observations.
7. Abounds with words and visuals
Words, words and more words come in big quantity in this
kind of research. Data gathering through interviews or library
reading, as well as the presentation of data analysis results, is
done verbally. In some cases, it resorts to quoting some
participants’ answers. Likewise, presenting people’s world views
through visual presentation (i.e., pictures, videos, drawings, and
graphs) are significantly used in a qualitative research.
8. Internal analysis
Here, you examine the data yielded by the
internal traits of the subject individuals (i.e.,
emotional, mental, spiritual characteristics). You
study people’s perception or views about your topic,
not the effects of their physical existence on your
study. In case of objects (e.g., books and artworks)
that are subjected to a qualitative research, the
investigation centers on underlying theories or
principles that govern these materials and their
usefulness to people.
Advantages or Strengths of Qualitative
Research
1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter,
which means that those involve in the research
understand things based on what they find
meaningful.
2. It promotes a full understanding of human behaviour
or personality traits in their natural setting.
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.
4. It engenders respect for people’s
individuality as it demands the
researcher’s careful and attentive
stand toward people’s world views.
5. It is a way of understanding and
interpreting social interactions.
6. It increases the researchers’ interest in
the study as it includes the researcher’s
experience or background knowledge in
interpreting verbal and visual data.
7. It offers multiple ways of acquiring and
examining knowledge about something.
 Stirring Up Imagination
What course would you like to take after
finishing high school? Are you interested
in becoming a businessman, an engineer, a
nurse, a lawyer, a doctor, a teacher, or other
professions? How do you think is research
done in these areas of discipline?
 SHARPEN YOUR MIND!
Activity 2

Formulate a “how” or “why” question

that would be the rationale for a
qualitative research that you want to
conduct. Then think of possible ways to
answer the questions you formulated
like conducting a survey questionnaire,
interview or experiment.
 POSTER-ESSAY

Make a poster-essay showing

the importance of
RESEARCH in our daily
lives?
 Criteria for Grading
CONTENT – 25%
CREATIVITY – 25%
PRESENTATION – 20%
IMPACT – 15%
RELEVANCE – 15%
Let’s Test your
Knowledge!
I. Directions: For this task, read and comprehend each
statement. Write YES if it is correct and change the underlined
word/s if not. Write your answers on your paper.
_________1. Quantitative research uses non-statistical
methods to gather and interpret data.
_________2. Qualitative research asks close-ended questions
in interviews.
_________3. Qualitative research aims to explore and explain
a phenomenon in study.
_________4. Quantitative design’s goal is to test and confirm
a hypothesis in the research.
_________5. Qualitative research is concise and broad
compared to quantitative research.
II. Directions: Study the table below and try to fill in the missing
characteristics of qualitative and quantitative research based on their
counterparts. Write your answers on your paper.

QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

1. _______________ Subjective

Closed-ended questions 2. ____________

Numbers 3. ____________
Hypothesis 4. ____________
Survey questionnaire 5. _____________
III. Directions: Read the following examples and decide whether the
statement can be studied using Quantitative or Qualitative research. Write
QN for Quantitative and QL for Qualitative. Write your answers on your
paper.
_______1. Maria wanted to find out the why some children
frequently misbehaves.
_______2. Drinking two tablets of paracetamol is more
effective than one.
_______3. A business owner wants to know if his company
is performing well compared to his competitors
_______4. Coping mechanisms when losing a loved one
_______5. How much water is absorbed by different brands
of tissue?
 IV. Make a QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
TITLE based on the given picture. (5pts)
 V. Explain
Select one (1) characteristics of qualitative
research. Explain how it become as one of the
characteristics of research.

Criteria for Grading:

Content – 2
Organization – 2
Grammar and Spelling -1
 TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 Case Study
This type of qualitative research usually takes place in the social
care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, education, etc. this
involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization, or
situation. It seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the
subject. Finding the reason/s behind such occurrence drives you to
also delve into relationships of people related to the case under study.
Varieties of data collection methods such as interviews,
questionnaires, observations, and documentary analysis are used in a
case study.
 Ethnography
Falling in the field of anthropology,
ethnography is the study of a particular cultural
group to get a clear understanding of its
organizational set-up, internal operation, and
lifestyle. A particular group reveals the nature or
characteristics of their own culture through the
world perceptions of the cultural group’s members.
 Phenomenology
Coming from the word “phenomenon”, which means
something known through sensory experience, phenomenology
refers to the study of how people find their experiences meaningful.
Its primary goal is to make people understand their experiences
about death of loved ones, care for handicapped persons,
friendliness of people, etc. In doing so, other people will likewise
understand the meanings attached to their experiences. Those
engaged in assisting people to manage their own lives properly often
do this qualitative kind of research.
 Content and Discourse Analysis
Content analysis is a method of quantitative research
that requires an analysis or examination of the substance
or content of the mode of communication (letters, books,
journals, photos, video, recordings, SMS, online
messages, emails, audio-visual materials, etc.) used by a
person, group, organization, or any institution in
communicating.
A study of language structures used in the
medium of communication to discover the effects
of sociological, cultural, institutional, and
ideological factors on the content makes it a
discourse analysis. In studying the content or
structures of the material, you need a question or
a set of questions to guide you in your analysis.
 Historical Analysis
Central to this qualitative research method is the
examination of primary documents to make you
understand the connection of past events to the
present time. The results of your content analysis
will help you specify phenomenological changes
in unchanged aspects of society through the years.
 Grounded Theory
Grounded theory takes place when you discover a
new theory to underlie your study at the time of data
collection and analysis. Through your observation on
your subjects, you will happen to find a theory that
applies to your current study. Interview, observation,
and documentary analysis are the data gathering
techniques for this type of qualitative research.
 Test I
Directions: Analyze each item and
choose the types of qualitative
research being describe by the
following situations or statements.
 Ethnography Historical Analysis
Grounded Theory Phenomenology
Content & Discourse Analysis Case Study

1. Katrina is a college student taking up Nursing.

She is in the last year of her course. Part of their
requirements for graduation is to comply a study
related to their field. Katrina and her friend decided
to investigate about the colour-blindness problems
of some children in their community. What type of
qualitative research being describe by the
situations?
 Ethnography Historical Analysis
Grounded Theory Phenomenology
Content & Discourse Analysis Case Study

2. Tope is a teacher of Matalino National High

School. He is handling Social Science subject.
Part of his lesson, he wanted to have an
immersion or field trip in a museum to find out
what are the types of clothing the people way
back ago. After that, the students must make a
report for the comparison of their observations.
What type of qualitative research being describe
by the situations?
 Ethnography Historical Analysis
Grounded Theory Phenomenology
Content & Discourse Analysis Case Study

3. Mackoy is fond of travelling on the different

places in the Philippines. One day, together
with his friends they’re thinking to share their
blessings. They chose to gave their
consolidated donations to the Bagobos People.
Since, it is too far to visit, they decided to stay
and observe the lifestyle of the Bagobos
People. What type of qualitative research being
describe by the situations?
 Ethnography Historical Analysis
Grounded Theory Phenomenology
Content & Discourse Analysis Case Study

4. Mitch is a social work students of

CapSU Pilar. Part on their field their will be
a field trip experience to visit the partially
impaired children in Roxas, City. As she go
along with the children she observed and
experience how difficult to be like them.
What type of qualitative research being
describe by the situations?
 Ethnography Historical Analysis
Grounded Theory Phenomenology
Content & Discourse Analysis Case Study

5. Kez is a teacher as well as an artist.

Everyday she always made her
instructional materials interesting. One
time, she let her students interpret the
picture on the board. She made a guide
questions to lead their answers for a good
observation. What type of qualitative
research being describe by the situations?
II. Study the relationship between
the first set of words. Pick one
word from the word bank that
completes the second pair with
this same relationship. Write your
answer on the line.
 Quantitative Ethnography
Ethnic group Qualitative
Psychology

6. Non-numerical data :
Qualitative : : Numerical data :
______________.
 Quantitative Ethnography
Ethnic group Qualitative
Psychology

8. Something known experience :

Phenomenology : : the study of a
particular cultural group :
____________.
9. Ethnography : Anthropology ::
Case Study : ___________
Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the
Problem

WHAT RESEARCH WOULD YOU

LIKE TO CONDUCT RELATED TO
YOUR OWN FIELD?
WHAT TOPIC SHOULD I
CONSIDER IN DOING MY
RESEARCH?

WHAT PROBLEM WOULD

MY RESEARCH RESOLVE?
WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM
MY RESEARCH?

WHY DO I NEED TO
CONDUCT THIS
RESEARCH?
 QUERY BOX
AI
MENTAL HEALTH CHECK
ONLINE LEARNING
UKAY-UKAY TRENDS
SHORTENED SCHOOL YEAR
LIFE STYLE CHOICES
Given the box of words of
topic, come up with a title
and create a statement of
the problem.
 Exploring the Impact of Technological
Interventions on Student Engagement in
Online Learning Environments
Ex: ONLINE LEARNING
1.What are the difficulties encountered by the senior high
school students in online learning?
2.What are the impact of technology faced by senior high
school students during online learning?
3.What are the perceived benefits and challenges associated
with the implementation of technological interventions for
student engagement in online learning?
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Here are some questions that may serve as your guide to
generate ideas that may lead to your possible research topics:
Do you have a strong opinion about a current issue?
a.

Do you have an interest that you would like to know more

b.

about?
Are there aspects or concerns surrounding you that you
c.

are interested in learning more about?

What are the current concerns or stories you want to
d.

learn more about?

To make research more manageable, the following
shall be considered:
Selection of research topic is one of the most challenging
tasks in research and very important as well. This phase
may be easy for some researchers by doing
brainstorming. Research topic becomes the basis of the
time, effort and resources that the researcher will invest
through the journey. Careful attention in choosing the
research topic will work to your benefit. Thus, the
following must be considered in deciding research topic.
ASPECT - Choose one aspect through which you look at the research
problem. To put it more simply, look at just one facet of the issue or
problem. E.g. A study about the effect of the Corona pandemic to the life
of the people is just too broad and has multiple aspects which will be
complicated for a student researcher.
COMPONENTS - determine if your initial variables or unit of analyses
can be divided into more particular parameters which can then be
analyzed more precisely. For example, a study about vaping will be too
broad. Topic is too broad when there are so many different ideas about it.
[e.g., a study of tobacco use among adolescents can focus only on vaping
among male adolescents rather than adolescents in genera or focus on
female adolescents of a certain age.
CURIOSITY - Choose a topic that you know a little about, however
you have the desire to explore and learn more. There is no point in
studying something you already knew as there will be no place for
finding new knowledge.
INTEREST - Choose a topic that seems interesting to you. If you do
not have any interest in a topic you will not be able to do the study
with passion and probably you will not duly devote time for it. As a
senior high school student what are the most interesting topics in your
field that you want to explore. But remember that apart from your
interest, topic you chose must be objective and researchable.
Moreover, your interest must be about a novel topic. Avoid overly
discussed or explored topic.
TIME AND PLACE --Remember that the smaller
the area of analysis, the narrower the focus.
Moreover, the shorter the available time period,
the narrower the focus should be. Narrow down
your topic and review it several times. Get
feedback from your teacher about your chosen
topic.
TYPE -- Focus your topic in terms of a specific
type or class of people, places, or things.
Otherwise, the conduct of the study will not be
manageable.
AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES - Check
the availability of references by visiting online
libraries, journals and research gates. Once
you realize the non-availability of resources,
change the subject.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TOPIC - The
research topic chosen must be significant,
and must address a particular problem that
will impact the life of the people in general.
 Writing a Statement of the Problem
After identifying a research problem, the next step
is to write a problem statement. It has to be concise
and concrete. Writing a problem statement can help
the researcher put the topic in context and have a
deeper understanding of its significance. A problem
statement may be written in several paragraphs or in
several sentences incorporated in the introduction.
For practical research, look at the concrete details
of the situation and ask yourself these questions:
1. Where and when does the
problem arise?
2. Who are affected by the
problem?
3. What attempts have been
made to solve the problem?
 Problem statement should also address the relevance of the
research: why is it important to resolve the problem. The
problem statement need not lay world changing impact.
What is important is that the problem statement should lay
how you intend to address the problem. Your goal should not
be to find a conclusive solution, but to seek out the reasons
behind the problem and propose more effective approaches
to understanding it. So a researcher must set the objectives of
the study. You may start with the following phrases:
The aim of this study is to
determine…
This project aims to
explore…
I aim to investigate…
 The following are tasks that may help a
researcher enhance skill in discovering and
identifying a research problem
Refer to related literature.
a.

Attend webinars.
b.

Be observant of the situations around you.

c.

Visit libraries and online research gates.

d.

Subscribe to research journals.

e.

Conduct mini researches and note the gaps in

f.

the findings.
 DO IT IN COLLABORATIVE WAY!
The output of this activity should be presented using PowerPoint
presentation or any visual material for critiquing of the teacher. The
output should include:

1.Research Title
2.Reasons for Conducting the Research
3.Research Questions

Note: Prepare three (3) research titles with statement of the problem.
 LEARNING COMPETENCY
•Illustrate the importance of
qualitative research in the
different fields of discipline;
•Identify the three basic
research approaches.
FACT
or
BLUFF
 FACT or BLUFF

People working under each

field of discipline use the
same research approach in
conducting studies.
BLUFF
 FACT or BLUFF

Verbal language is used

in presenting things under
Positive Approach.
BLUFF
 FACT or BLUFF

Naturalistic approach
is people-oriented
FACT
 FACT or BLUFF

The focus of studies in

Humanities is mainly
about man’s social life.
BLUFF
 FACT or BLUFF

Qualitative research can also

go hand in hand with
quantitative research.

FACT
 Research studies take place in different fields
of discipline like Anthropology, Business,
Communication, Education, Engineering, Law,
and Nursing. These areas of knowledge include
huge number of research studies which mirror
varied interests of people. People working under
these fields use one of the three basic research
approaches in conducting their studies:
positive or scientific, naturalistic,
and triangulation or mixed
method.
 POSITIVE OR SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

focuses on measurable and observable
facts rather than personal views,
feelings, or attitudes;

It is done through collecting data in a
form of questionnaires or structured
interviews; these types of data are
recorded in numerical or statistical forms
and are known as the quantitative data.
 POSITIVE OR SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

can be used in researches
under the hard sciences or
STEM (Science, Technology,
Engineering, Medicine) and
natural sciences (Biology,
Physics, Chemistry).
 NATURALISTIC APPROACH

-data collected reflect personal views,
attitudes, thoughts, emotions, and other
subjective traits of people in natural setting;

pays attention to the discovery of the real
concept or meaning behind people’s
lifestyles and social relations.

-uses verbal language (words) in presenting
and analyzing things;
 NATURALISTIC APPROACH

is after qualitative data and is done through the
use of unstructured interviews and participant
observations;

can be used under the soft sciences like
Anthropology, Business, Education, Economics,
Law, Politics, and all subjects aligned with
Business and all those focused on helping
professions such as Nursing, Counselling,
Physical Therapy, and the like (Babbie 2013).
TRIANGULATION/ MIXED METHOD

a combination of the quantitative
and qualitative research

allows the mixture of research
designs, data collection and data
analysis techniques used in the
first two methods.
 Research Topics to be Avoided
1. Controversial topics. These are topics that
depend greatly on the writer’s opinion, which
may tend to be biased or prejudicial. Facts
cannot support topics like these.
2. Highly technical subjects. For a beginner,
researching on topics that require an advanced
study, technical knowledge, and vast experience
is a very difficult task.
3. Hard-to-investigate subjects. A subject is hard to
investigate if there are no available reading materials
about it and if such materials are not up-to-date.
4. Too broad subjects. Topics that are too broad will
prevent you from giving a concentrated or an in-
depth analysis of the subject matter of the paper. The
remedy to this is to narrow or limit the topic to a
smaller one.
5. Too narrow subjects. These subjects are so limited or
specific that an extensive or thorough searching or reading for
information about these is necessary.
6. Vague subjects. Choosing topics like these will prevent you
from having a clear focus on your paper. For instance, titles
beginning with indefinite adjectives such as several, many,
some, etc., as in “Some Remarkable Traits of a Filipino” or
“Several People’s Comments on the RH Law,” are vague
enough to decrease the readers’ interests and curiosity.
Three Main Methods of Data
Collection:
Interactive Interviewing- people share and
1.

describe their experiences through words

(speaking)
Written descriptions by participant- people
2.

are asked to write description of their

experiences of phenomenon
Observation- descriptive observations of
3.

verbal and non-verbal behaviors

 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
HARD SCIENCES SOFT SCIENCES
Studies natural data driven Studies human behaviour in a scientific
phenomenon manner
Objective Subjective
Tests Theory Develops Theory
Numbers Words
Cause and Effect Relationship Knowing meaning and discovery
Statistical Analysis and Researcher’s interpretation
Generalizations
Examples: Examples:
➢Biology ➢Sociology

➢Chemistry ➢Psychology

➢Physics ➢Political Science

➢Astronomy ➢Economics

➢Earth Science ➢Anthropology

Task I: Identify the area of
knowledge in which the
research topic belongs.
Write the letter of your
answer on the answer
sheet.
 A B
______1. Anti-social Personality Disorder A. Economics
______2. Ancestors B. Psychology
______3. Why are Nicholas Sparks’s novels popular? C. Anthropology
______4. Multiple Intelligences D. Education
______5. Puppet Government in the Philippines E. Literature
______6. Life after Death F. Sociology
______7. Colonization G. Art
______8. Demand and Supply H. Political Science
______9. Race, Nationality, Ethnicity I. History
______10. Art of Ancient Egypt J. Philosophy
1. B.
2. C.
3. E.
4. D.
5. H.
6. J.
7. I.
8. A
9. F.
10. G
Directions: Name the type of qualitative research
best suited for the following topics.

1. The Mangyans’ Burial Practices

2. Relatives of Typhoon Victims
3. The Effectiveness of the K-12 Curriculum
4. Spiderman: The Very First Film in the 21st
Century
5. Grade 11 Science Textbook
 Sources of Research Topics
1. Mass media communication – press
(newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films, etc.)
2. Books, Internet, peer-reviewed journals,
government publications
3. Professional periodicals like College English
Language Teaching Forum, English Forum, the
Economist, Academia, Business Circle, Law
Review, etc.
4. General periodicals such as Readers’ Digest,
Women’s Magazine, Panorama
Magazine, Time Magazine, World Mission
Magazine, etc.
5. Previous reading assignments in your other
subjects

6. Work experience – clues to a researchable topic

from full-time or part-time jobs, OJT (on-the-job
training) experience, fieldwork, etc.
Narrowing Your Topic
Given the following broad topics for research, select one topic of
your choice and narrow or limit the topic to make it specific. Use
the narrowing chart to fill in the topic.

Topics to choose:
1.Climate Change
2.Social Networking
3.Communication Skills
4.Medicinal Plants
5.Cultural Beliefs
Example: Topic Chocolate
 Topic Chocolate
Sub-Topics History of chocolate, making of
chocolate, health aspects of
chocolate, chocolate addictions,
brands of chocolate
What sub-topics are of most Health aspects of chocolate.
interest to you?
What new questions do you have Are there health benefits to eating
about your topic? chocolate? Can chocolate boost
your mood? Is chocolate
addictive?
Develop a topic statement I will explore the health benefits of
eating chocolate, specifically
focusing on how chocolate affects
moods and brain chemistry.
Narrowing Chart
Topic
Sub-Topics

What sub-topics are of most

interest to you?
What new questions do you
have about your topic?

Develop a topic statement

 Assignment

If you want to conduct a

research study about your
favourite restaurant in town,
what method of qualitative
research is appropriate for
your study? Explain your
choice.
 Let’s think about it!
1. Is the researcher himself the data
gathering instrument? Why? Why
not?
2. Can all research methods be used in
one research study? Give reasons for
your answer.
 The Research Process

The scientific research process is a

multiple-step process where the steps are
interlinked with the other steps in the
process. If changes are made in one step of
the process, the researcher must review all
the other steps to ensure that the changes
are reflected throughout the process.
The Research Process/ Format (CapSU
Format)
A.The Title or Problem Identification/the
Problem Formulation
B.The Introduction
B.1. The Background of the Study
B.2. The Statement of the Problem/
Objectives of the study
B.3. Assumptions of the Study
B.4. Epistemology and Theoretical
Perspectives
 B.5. Significance of the Study
B.6. Definition of Terms
C. Review of Related Literature
C.1. Conceptual Literature
C.2. Related Studies (Local and Foreign)
C.3. Synthesis
D. Methodology
D.1. Methodological Perspectives
D.2. Methods
D.3. Context of the Study
 D.4. Informants of the Study
D.5. Research Instruments
D.5.1. Validity and Reliability of
the Instruments
D.6. Data Gathering Procedures
D.7. Data Analysis Procedures
-Workflow of the Study
D.8. Subjectivity of the Researcher
E. Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
F. Summary of Findings,
Conclusions and Recommendations
G. Literature Cited/ References
H. Appendices
I. Report Writing
J. Presentation/Reporting
 The Research Process/ Format (CapSU Format)

A. The Title or Problem Identification/the

Problem Formulation
- The research problem must be definite or
clear expression [statement] about an area
of concern, a condition to be improved
upon, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a
troubling question that exists in scholarly
literature, in theory, or within existing
practice that point to a need for
meaningful understanding and deliberate
investigation.
B. THE INTRODUCTION
-this chapter leads the reader from a general
subject area to a particular topic of inquiry.
-It establishes the scope, context and significance
of the research being conducted by summarizing
current understanding and background
information about the topic, stating the purpose of
the work in the form of the research problem
supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions.
B.1. The Background of the Study
-this section justifies the EXISTENCE and
SERIOUSNESS of the problem.

a.The general definition of the topic/problem

area.
b.Historical basis for the existence of the
problem.
c.Efforts made towards addressing similar
challenges.
d.How the efforts failed to be realized hence the
need for your study.
 List of Words
Inquiry Collections Naturalisti Aspect Introduction
c Technique
s
Research Data Triangulatio Componen Controversia Rationale
n ts l
Quantitative Interviews Assumptio Curiosity Vague Smart
ns
Qualitative Ethnography Subjective Interest Observatio Specific
n
Analysis Problem Close- Type Phenomen Scope
ended on
Interpretatio Presentation
r e s G O

FREE
r e s G O

FREE
r e s G O

FREE
r e s G O

FREE
r e s G O

FREE
 APPROVED TITLES
of
stem 11
ACADEMIC VALIDATION: UTILIZATION AS COPING
MECHANISMS ON THE DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED
BY HUMSS 11 STUDENTS

KERI LANG! KARANASAN NG MGA MAG-AARAL SA

BAITANG 12 SA PAGSASAGAWA NG PANANALIKSIK
 APPROVED TITLES
UNVEILING FEMINISM AWAKENING: A QUALITATIVE
EXPLANATION OF PERCEPTION AND
UNDERSTANDING AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS

CHALLENGES AND PRACTICES OF GRADE 10 STE

STUDENTS’ STUDY HABITS: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY
 APPROVED TITLES
of
HUMSS 11B
“MAMAYA NA, BUKAS NALANG”: EXPLORING THE
ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION HABITS OF HUMSS
STUDENTS

EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES OF CLASS SHIFTING

AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: A
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
 APPROVED TITLES
BREAKING DOWN GENDER BARRIERS: AN ANALYSIS OF
GRADE 11 HUMSS STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS AND
EXPERIENCES
BREAKING FREE FROM GENDER STEROTYPES: THE
IMPACT OF GENDER ROLES ON SELF AWARENESS AMONG
STE 10 STUDENTS
NAVIGATING PARENTHOOD AND TEACHING ALONE:
ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGES FACED BY SOLO PARENT-
TEACHERS IN PONTEVEDRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 CONTENTS OF THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

a. Presentation of the problem. Describe the existence

of an unsatisfactory condition or a problem that needs
a solution.

b. Historical background of the problem - Give the

historical background of the problem, if applicable.

c. Geographical conditions of the study locale - If

applicable, describe the geographical location of the
study.

d. Rationale of the study - Give the reason(s) why the

study should be conducted.
 Example:

In 2004, the researcher migrated to the Philippines to

accompany her spouse who was at the time studying at the
Adventist Institute for International Advanced Studies (AIIAS)
in Silang, Cavite. They discovered the study opportunities and
were motivated by the quality of education and low school
fees being offered. They visited several colleges and
universities to collect pamphlets and sent them back to
Vanuatu for educational awareness. The Ni-Vanuatus became
aware and decided to send students to study in the
Philippines. The first two schools to receive Vanuatu students
were AMA Computer College in Dasmariñas, Cavite and Air
Link Aviation College in Paranaque City. The researcher came
to know Cavite State University (CvSU) in 2009 and
transferred from AMA.(Ngwele, March 2011)
  THE DO’S AND DON’TS OF WRITING A
RESEARCH BACKGROUND STUDY
DO‘S! DON’TS!
 Explain the importance of your o Write a background that is too long or
research topic short
 Talk about the main developments and o Be ambiguous in your writing,
missing links and gaps in your disorganized and discuss unrelated
research area subjects.
 Focus on the relevant aspects of your o Forget the reader may not be familiar
study explaining how it will lead to the with the details of your work.
progress of scientific knowledge.
 Engage your findings in a chronological o Elaborate on your background literature
findings
 Articulate your ideas in a clear and o Forget to provide a historical perspective
concise manner
 Engage the readers by building a story o Forget to check your target journal’s
around the central theme of your instruction for presenting the study
research background
B.2. The Statement of the Problem/
Objectives of the study
-this includes the general statement of
the problem and the specific objectives
in interrogative form that the
researcher would like to address to
answer the general problem.
 Guidelines in Writing the Statement of the Problem
(According to Calderon & Gonzales,1993)

1. The general statement of the problem and the research

questions should be formulated first before conducting the
research.
2. Research questions should be stated in the interrogative and
each should be clear to avoid confusion.
3 Each research question should be researchable separately
from the other questions and must be based upon known
facts and phenomena which is accessible to the researcher.
4. Answers to each research question can be
interpreted apart from the answers to the other
specific questions and must contribute to the
development of the whole research study.
5. The summary of the answers to all the specific
questions will give a complete development of the
entire study.
6. The number of research questions should be
enough to cover the development of the whole
research study.
Example:

This research aims to develop an evaluation

model of a web-based tool used in test administration
for Grade 11 and 12 students. (Leanillo, 2016)

Specifically it aims to answer the following

questions:
1. What are the commonly used web-based tools
used in test administration?
2. How are these web-based test tools evaluated?
3. How could evaluation model be designed for web-
based test administration?
B.3 Assumptions of the study
Assumptions are those things we take
for granted in the study: statements by
the researcher that certain elements of
the research are understood to be true.
While assumed, they should still be
explicitly stated in the body of research
in the chapter I.
 Types of Assumptions
a. The theory under investigation
b. The phenomenon under investigation
c. The instrument
d. The methodology
e. The analysis
f. The participants in the study
g. The results
B.4. Theoretical Framework of the
Study or Theoretical Perspectives
-this section presents the
theory/theories that explain the possible
associations/ interactions among the
constructs overarching the variables of
the study.
B.6. The Scope and Limitations of the Study
-this presents the nature of the study in terms of:
the main purpose/objective, the variables involved,
the research design, participants, sample and
sampling procedure, data gathering and analysis
procedures.

B.7. Significance of the Study

-this section identifies the importance of conducting
the study in terms of WHO will benefit from its
findings.
• The significance of the study discuss the purpose
that the research will serve to society, the country, the
government, the institution or agency concerned, the
curriculum planners and developers, and the
research community.
• Describes the contribution of the study to the existing
body of knowledge.
• The researcher must identify specifically the
beneficiaries who will directly gain from the results of
the study mentioning them in the paper according to
the significance of the result. The specific benefits
must also be enumerated and explained if necessary.
 Significance of the Study
The study is beneficial to the following people:
Students. This study will give awareness to students on
the effects of social media addiction on their behavior.
Moreover, they can be enlightened and may practice using
social media in an appropriate way.
Parents. This study will help the parents to understand
why their children are being addicted to social media.
Through this study, they can think of some preventive
measures to help their children control the use of social
media.
Future Researchers. This study may benefit future
researchers since this will serve as blueprint of the
findings and conclusions which may lead to further
studies.
B.8. Definition of Terms
-this section defines the key term
in the research title, statement of
the problem and methodology in
terms of conceptual definition and
operational definition (how the
term is used in the study).
- Define terms in the context where they will be used
- provide operational definitions as well as
constitutive definitions.
- Include a list of definitions for terms and
concepts that have significant meaning for the study.
- Constructed in listing form - like a dictionary,
not prose form
- Do not define generally understood
concepts, principles and concerns, e.g.,
vocational education, secondary education,
adult education.
- Much of the specific information about
the terms will be presented in other
appropriate sections of the proposal
 INTRODUCTION
•In general, what is the purpose of introduction? Identify the basics of proper introduction by using the graphic organizer below.
C. REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
-this chapter gives historical review
and concepts related to your study .
The researcher identifies and
addresses the gaps or controversies
in the literature and topics needing
further research.
C.1. Related Literature
-also called as conceptual literature. This section
discusses in detail the key variables and concepts
involved in the study.

C.2. Related Studies

-this section discusses and examines other studies
already conducted to which your study is related
to by going through manuscripts, theses or
dissertations.
C.3. Synthesis
-this ties together the different
research findings reviewed to
justify the need to conduct the
study.