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ALLOYS
Reporters: Da-anoy, Obas
Content ● What is an alloy? ● Types of Alloying ● Aim in Making Alloys ● Mechanical Properties ● Thermal Properties ● Classification of Alloys and their Properties ● Production of Alloys TRIVIA! What is the first alloy made? TRIVIA! What is the hardest alloy?
Hint: Composed of 3 elements
Use in the construction of Aircraft and Spacecraft What is an alloy?
Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed
position in which the dominant component are metals.
Interstitial Where the alloy elements are located in spaces between atoms in the unit cell. For instance, when carbon (with atomic radius 0.129 nm, is added to iron (0.075 nm), the carbon fits into the gap between the Fe atoms (interstitial site). The solubility depends on the size of these gaps and the crystal structure. Types of Alloying
Substitutional Where the alloying elements are located in vacancies in the unit cell. An atom of one element substitutes for another in the crystal structure. Aims in Making the Alloys
● To increase the hardness and strength of metals.
● To prevent corrosion ● To improve the appearance of the metal surface. Mechanical Properties Mechanical properties of an alloy are how the metal performs when different forces are applied to them. Conductivity Thermal conductivity is a measure of the quantity of heat that flows through a material.Materials with low thermal conductivity may be used as insulators, those with high thermal conductivity may be a heat sink. Metals that exhibit high thermal conductivity would be candidates for use in applications like heat exchangers or refrigeration. Corrosion Resistant Corrosion resistance describes a material’s ability to prevent natural chemical or electro-chemical attack by atmosphere, moisture or other agents. Corrosion takes many forms including pitting, galvanic reaction, stress corrosion, parting, inter-granular, and others. Density The density of an alloy will be different than that of a pure metal, depending on the alloying element used. However, alloys with both a higher and lower density can have lower malleability. Alloys are denser than pure metals because they are a solid composite material that contains at least two different chemical elements. It is also because the different types of alloy atoms are arranged somewhat similarly to atoms in a liquid solution. Ductility/Malleability Ductility is the ability of a material to deform plastically (that is, stretch) without fracturing and retain the new shape when the load is removed. Malleability, a physical property, describes a metal’s ability to be formed without breaking. Pressure, or compressive stress, is used to press or roll the material into thinner sheets. A material with high malleability will be able to withstand higher pressure without breaking. Hardness Hardness is defined as a material’s ability to resist permanent indentation (that is plastic deformation). Typically, the harder the material, the better it resists wear or deformation. The term hardness, thus, also refers to local surface stiffness of a material or its resistance to scratching, abrasion, or cutting. Toughness Represents a material’s ability to absorb impact without fracturing at a given temperature. Since impact resistance is often lower at low temperatures, materials may become more brittle. Charpy values are commonly prescribed in ferrous alloys where the possibilities of low temperatures exist in the application or where instantaneous loading is a consideration. Thermal Properties Melting Range The different sizes of atoms in an alloy make their arrangement less regular than a pure metal. This makes the bonds between the atoms weaker, and lowers the melting point. Alloys have higher resistivity than their constituent metals because of the following reasons: Alloys have high melting and boiling points. Alloys do not get oxidized easily. In alloys, higher resistivity is caused by the additional scattering of electrons known as alloy scattering. Thermal Conductivity The thermal conductivity of all alloys increases with increasing temperature up to 300 °C. Alloys, which are a combination of different metallic elements, tend to offer a lower level of thermal conductivity than pure metals. Thermal Diffusivity High diffusivity means heat transfers rapidly. It was found that the thermal diffusivity decreased with an increasing temperature. Classification of Alloys and their properties Two Main Groups 1. Ferrous - alloys that contains Iron - magnetic in nature -extremely versatile
2. Non-ferrous - alloy s that do not contain iron -high density - electrical conductivity Examples of Alloys Alloys Components
Applications of Commercial Applications Different Alloys Noble Metals:Silver, Gold, Platinum, Jewelry, Catalyst, Dental Materials Palladium, Rhodium, Ruthenium, Iridium and Osmium Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram Common Alloy is Steel. Below are the phases of Iron-Carbon System of Steel: 1. Ferrite ɑ phase: BCC crystalline phase 2. Austenite ϒ : FCC crystalline phase 3. δ phase: high temperature BCC crystalline phase 4. Cementite or Carbide Fe3C: mixture 5. Pearlite: Layered two phase mixture generated by transforming to ferrite and carbide by the eutectoid reaction ϒ→ɑ +Fe3C 6. Martensite: a non-equilibrium phase in steels formed by rapid cooling of austenite. Structure trapped between BCC and FCC, which results in body centered tetragonal applications. 7. Bainite: Mixture of ferrite and cementite formed by isothermal transformation of austenite under selected conditions. Production of Alloys CASTING, ROLLING, EXTRUSION AND FORGING CASTING A fabrication process in which a completely molten material is poured into a mold having the desired shape. Upon solidification, the metal assumes the shape of the mold but experiences some shrinkage. Moreover, casting gives good production of shapes, but produces weaker products with internal defects. EXTRUSION Forming of a material through plastic deformation, a bar of metal is force through a die orifice by a compressive force that is applied to a ram. The extruded piece that emerges results to its desired shape with a reduced cross- sectional area. FORGING Controlled deformation of metals into specific shapes using compressive forces. Forces are applied through tools and dies that is mainly driven by hammers which deform the workpiece by high velocity impacts, or by presses which deform the workpiece by controlled high pressures. HOT AND COLD ROLLING consist of passing a piece of metal between two roll. Results in a reduction in thickness due to compressive stresses exerted by the rolls. Mostly used in production of sheets, strips, and foils with high-quality surface finish. DRAWING Cold working process typically used to make wire, in which a metal rod (such as copper) is pulled through a carbide nib. References: ● https://www.metaltek.com/blog/how-to-evaluate-materials-p roperties-to-consider/?fbclid=IwAR23KCs8P4SrdAi8Mdl-i1 1cpH-LYoznkj9OJhly8YBEypTh9HVTU58d4qI
