Javascript L 18

Why Study JavaScript?
• JavaScript is one of the 3 languages all web

developers must learn:
• 1. HTML to define the content of web pages
• 2. CSS to specify the layout of web pages
• 3. JavaScript to program the behaviour of
web pages
The <script> Tag
• In HTML, JavaScript code is inserted
between <script> and </script> tags.
• Scripts can be placed in the <body>, or in
the <head> section of an HTML page, or in
both.
<script> Tag: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>JavaScript in Body</h2>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "My First JavaScript";
</script>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript in <head>
• A JavaScript function is placed in
the <head> section of an HTML page.
• The function is invoked (called) when a button
is clicked.
JavaScript in <head>: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function myFunction() {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Paragraph changed.";
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Demo JavaScript in Head</h2>
<p id="demo">A Paragraph.</p>
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Try it</button>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript in <body>
• A JavaScript function is placed in
the <body> section of an HTML page.
• The function is invoked (called) when a button
is clicked.
• Placing scripts at the bottom of the <body>
element improves the display speed, because
script interpretation slows down the display.
JavaScript in <body>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Demo JavaScript in Body</h2>
<script>
function myFunction() {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Paragraph changed.";
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
External JavaScript
• Scripts can also be placed in external files.
• External file: myScript.js
• External scripts are practical when the same code is used in many
different web pages.
• JavaScript files have the file extension .js.
• To use an external script, put the name of the script file in
the src (source) attribute of a <script> tag:
<script src="myScript.js"></script>
• You can place an external script reference in <head> or <body> as you
like.
• The script will behave as if it was located exactly where the <script> tag
is located.
• External scripts cannot contain <script> tags.
External References
• An external script can be referenced in 3
different ways:
- With a full URL (a full web address)
- With a file path (like /js/)
- Without any path
full URL: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>External JavaScript</h2>
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Click Me</button>
<p>This example uses a full web URL to link to "myScript.js".</p>

<p>(myFunction is stored in "myScript.js")</p>
<script src="https://www.w3schools.com/js/myScript.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
file path: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>External JavaScript</h2>
<p>This example uses a file path to link to "myScript.js".</p>

<script src="/js/myScript.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Without path: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Demo External JavaScript</h2>
<p>This example links to "myScript.js".</p>

<script src="myScript.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Display Possibilities
JavaScript can "display" data in different ways:
• Writing into an HTML element,
using innerHTML.
• Writing into the HTML output
using document.write().
• Writing into an alert box, using window.alert().
• Writing into the browser console,
using console.log().
Using innerHTML
• To access an HTML element, JavaScript can
use
the document.getElementById(id) method.
• The id attribute defines the HTML element.
The innerHTML property defines the HTML
content.
• The innerHTML property sets or returns the
HTML content (inner HTML) of an element.
Using innerHTML: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>My First Web Page</h2>

<p>My First Paragraph.</p>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = 5 + 6;
</script>
</body>
</html>
Using document.write()
• For testing purposes, it is convenient to
use document.write().
Using document.write(): Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>
<p>Never call document.write after the document has finished loading.

It will overwrite the whole document.</p>
<script>
document.write(5 + 6);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Using document.write() continue...
• Using document.write() after an HTML
document is loaded, will delete all existing
HTML.
• The document.write() method should only be
used for testing.
Continue....
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<button type="button" onclick="document.write(5 + 6)">Try

it</button>
</body>
</html>
Using window.alert()
• You can use an alert box to display data.
Using window.alert(): Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<script>
window.alert(5 + 6);
</script>
</body>
</html>
skip the window keyword
• You can skip the window keyword.
• In JavaScript, the window object is the global scope
object. This means that variables, properties, and
methods by default belong to the window object.
This also means that specifying
the window keyword is optional.
• It represents the browser's window. All global
JavaScript objects, functions, and variables
automatically become members of the window
object.
skip the window keyword: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<script>
alert(5 + 6);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Using console.log()
• For debugging purposes, you can call
the console.log() method in the browser to
display data.
Using console.log(): Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<script>
console.log(5+6);
</script>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Print
• JavaScript does not have any print object or
print methods.
• You cannot access output devices from
JavaScript.
• The only exception is that you can call
the window.print() method in the browser to
print the content of the current window.
JavaScript Print: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<button onclick="window.print()"> Print this
page</button>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript program
• A JavaScript program is a list of
programming statements.
• In HTML, JavaScript programs are executed by
the web browser.
JavaScript Statements
• JavaScript statements are composed of: Values,
Operators, Expressions, Keywords, and Comments.
• The statements are executed, one by one, in the
same order as they are written.
• Semicolons separate JavaScript statements.
• Add a semicolon at the end of each executable
statement.
• When separated by semicolons, multiple
statements on one line are allowed.
JavaScript Statements: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>JavaScript Statements</h2>
<p>In HTML, JavaScript statements are executed by the browser.</p>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello Dolly.";
</script>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Keywords
• JavaScript statements often start with a keyword to identify the
JavaScript action to be performed.
• Here is a list of some of the keywords :
JavaScript Values
The JavaScript syntax defines two types of
values:
• Fixed values:- Fixed values are called Literals.
• Variable values:- Variable values are
called Variables.
JavaScript Literals
• Numbers are written with or without
decimals.
10.50
1001
• Strings are text, written within double or
single quotes:
"John Doe“
'John Doe‘
variables
• variables are used to store data values.
JavaScript uses the
keywords var, let and const to declare variable
s. An equal sign is used to assign values to
variables.
Example, x is defined as a variable. Then, x is
assigned (given) the value 6:
let x;
x = 6;
JavaScript Variables
4 Ways to Declare a JavaScript Variable:
• Using var
• Using let
• Using const
• Using nothing
declared with the var keyword
• With var you can:
• Example:-
var x = "John Doe";
var x = 0;
• Variables defined with let have Block Scope.
declared with the var keyword:Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>JavaScript Variables</h1>
<p>In this example, x, y, and z are variables.</p>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
var x = 5;
var y = 6;
var z = x + y;
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML =
"The value of z is: " + z;
</script>
</body>
</html>
declared with the let keyword
• Variables defined with let cannot
be redeclared.
• You cannot accidentally redeclare a variable.
• With let you can not do this:
• let x = "John Doe";
let x = 0;
// SyntaxError: 'x' has already been declared

declared with the let keyword: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>In this example, x, y, and z are variables.</p>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
let x = 5;
let y = 6;
let z = x + y;
</script>
</body>
</html>
undeclared variables: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>In this example, x, y, and z are undeclared variables.</p>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
x = 5;
y = 6;
z = x + y;
</script>
</body>
</html>
Declaring variables: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>Create a variable, assign a value to it, and display it:</p>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
let carName = "Volvo";
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = carName;
</script>
</body>
</html>
One Statement, Many Variables
• You can declare many variables in one statement.
• Start the statement with let and separate the
variables by comma.
• let person = "John Doe", carName = "Volvo",
price = 200;
OR
• let person = "John Doe",
carName = "Volvo",
price = 200;
One Statement, Many Variables: Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>You can declare many variables in one statement.</p>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
let person = "John Doe", carName = "Volvo", price = 200;
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = carName;
</script>
</body>
</html>
Re-Declaring JavaScript Variables
• If you re-declare a JavaScript variable declared with var, it will
not lose its value.
• The variable carName will still have the value "Volvo" after
the execution of these statements:
• Example:-
var carName = "Volvo";
var carName;
• You cannot re-declare a variable declared with let or const.
This will not work:
let carName = "Volvo";
let carName;
JavaScript Expressions
• An expression is a combination of values,
variables, and operators, which computes to a
value.
• The computation is called an evaluation.
• For example, 5 * 10 evaluates to 50.
JavaScript Keywords
• JavaScript keywords are used to identify
actions to be performed.
• The let/var keyword tells the browser to
create variables.
JavaScript Comments
• Not all JavaScript statements are "executed".
• Code after double slashes // or
between /* and */ is treated as a comment.
JavaScript Identifiers / Names
• Identifiers are JavaScript names.
• Identifiers are used to name variables and keywords, and
functions.
• The rules for legal names are the same in most programming
languages.
• A JavaScript name must begin with:
-A letter (A-Z or a-z)
-A dollar sign ($)
-Or an underscore (_)
• Subsequent characters may be letters, digits, underscores, or
dollar signs.
• Numbers are not allowed as the first character in names.
Case Sensitive
• JavaScript is Case Sensitive
• All JavaScript identifiers are case sensitive.
• The variables lastName and lastname, are two
different variables:-
let lastname, lastName;
lastName = "Doe";
lastname = "Peterson";

Javascript L 18

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Why Study JavaScript?

• JavaScript is one of the 3 languages all web

<h2>Demo JavaScript in Head</h2>

<p id="demo">A Paragraph.</p>

<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Try it</button>

<h2>Demo JavaScript in Body</h2>

<p id="demo">A Paragraph.</p>

<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Try it</button>

<p id="demo">A Paragraph.</p>

<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Click Me</button>

<p>This example uses a full web URL to link to "myScript.js".</p>

<p id="demo">A Paragraph.</p>

<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Try it</button>

<p>This example uses a file path to link to "myScript.js".</p>

<h2>Demo External JavaScript</h2>

<p id="demo">A Paragraph.</p>

<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Try it</button>

<p>This example links to "myScript.js".</p>

<h2>My First Web Page</h2>

<h2>My First Web Page</h2>

<p>Never call document.write after the document has finished loading.

<h2>My First Web Page</h2>

<button type="button" onclick="document.write(5 + 6)">Try

<h2>My First Web Page</h2>

<h1>My First Web Page</h1>

<p>In HTML, JavaScript statements are executed by the browser.</p>

<p>In this example, x, y, and z are variables.</p>

// SyntaxError: 'x' has already been declared

<p>In this example, x, y, and z are variables.</p>

<p>In this example, x, y, and z are undeclared variables.</p>

<p>Create a variable, assign a value to it, and display it:</p>

<p>You can declare many variables in one statement.</p>

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