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    C-2-Types of Reasoning

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    The document discusses different types of reasoning including monotonic reasoning, nonmonotonic reasoning, fuzzy reasoning, temporal reasoning, symbolic reasoning, and statistical reasoning. Monotonic reasoning conclusions remain true while nonmonotonic reasoning conclusions can change with new facts. Fuzzy reasoning allows degrees of membership between 0 and 1. Temporal reasoning uses concepts of time. Symbolic reasoning manipulates abstract symbols. Statistical reasoning is based on data and representations.

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    C-2-Types of Reasoning

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    The document discusses different types of reasoning including monotonic reasoning, nonmonotonic reasoning, fuzzy reasoning, temporal reasoning, symbolic reasoning, and statistical reasoning. Monotonic reasoning conclusions remain true while nonmonotonic reasoning conclusions can change with new facts. Fuzzy reasoning allows degrees of membership between 0 and 1. Temporal reasoning uses concepts of time. Symbolic reasoning manipulates abstract symbols. Statistical reasoning is based on data and representations.

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    The document discusses different types of reasoning including monotonic reasoning, nonmonotonic reasoning, fuzzy reasoning, temporal reasoning, symbolic reasoning, and statistical reasoning. Monotonic reasoning conclusions remain true while nonmonotonic reasoning conclusions can change with new facts. Fuzzy reasoning allows degrees of membership between 0 and 1. Temporal reasoning uses concepts of time. Symbolic reasoning manipulates abstract symbols. Statistical reasoning is based on data and representations.

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    16 views6 pages

    C-2-Types of Reasoning

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    The document discusses different types of reasoning including monotonic reasoning, nonmonotonic reasoning, fuzzy reasoning, temporal reasoning, symbolic reasoning, and statistical reasoning. Monotonic reasoning conclusions remain true while nonmonotonic reasoning conclusions can change with new facts. Fuzzy reasoning allows degrees of membership between 0 and 1. Temporal reasoning uses concepts of time. Symbolic reasoning manipulates abstract symbols. Statistical reasoning is based on data and representations.

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    Types of Reasoning

    Nonmonotonic Reasoning
    Monotonic Reasoning
    When facts and rules help to infer new information through logical
    reasoning.
    When some conclusion is drawn as true, it remains true under all
    circumstances e.g.:- Proving mathematical theorems etc.

    Non-monotonic Reasoning
    When new facts contradict the earlier ones and remove the same fact
    from the database. This type of reasoning is called non-monotonic
    reasoning.
    Example:- if a patient has symptoms of vomiting, as per general belief it
    is due to food-poisoning (a conclusion is drawn) but after investigation
    and medical tests, it is found that the disease actually is Diarrhoea (the
    conclusion is changed).
    Fuzzy Reasoning
    Fuzzy set theory is a means of specifying how well an object satisfies an
    unclear description. E.g.
     This building is very beautiful.
     Fuzzy viewpoint:- How much “beautiful”?
     He is a intelligent boy.
     Fuzzy viewpoint:- How much “intelligent”?

    Fuzzy systems allow the degree of belonging or the degree of


    membership to vary between 0 and 1. If the degree of
    membership is exactly equal to either 0 or 1, we say that the
    variable is non-fuzzy or crisp.
    Fuzzy if – then rules
    General Format
     If x is A then y is B
     Examples:
     If the road is rather slippery, then driving is somewhat dangerous.
     If speed is high, then apply the brakes hard.
    Temporal Reasoning

    Temporal logics use modal operators in relation to concepts


    of time, such as past, present, future, sometimes, always etc.
    Spatial/Temporal Reasoning:-
    Humans give reasons about space and time through both
    quantitative and qualitative assertions (belief) and
    relationships.
     That object is closer to me.
     That event occurred a long time ago.
     That event happened 6 minutes and 30 seconds ago.
    Humans use these assertions to make decisions in their
    interactions with their environment. E.g., if an object is very
    close to me and if it is a heavy object, it might hurt me and I
    have to avoid it by moving aside (decision).
    Symbolic Reasoning

    Symbolic reasoning is the ability to manipulate


    abstract symbols mentally and to make judgments and
    decisions which are logically valid.
    Example:-
     in prolog , if-then rules define reasoning between words in English
    language.
     In mathematics, theorem proving involves mathematical rules such
    as theorems, formulae, identities, etc. using mathematical symbols
    to reach a new result by proving a theorem.
    Statistical Reasoning

    When reasoning is totally based on statistical ideas.


    Interpretations are totally based on data, graphical representations etc.
    Types of Statistical Reasoning
     Reasoning about data:- recognizing or categorization of data as
    quantitative or qualitative, discrete or continuous.
     Reasoning about representation of data:- Understanding the way in
    which a plot is meant to represent a sample, understanding how graphs
    may be modified to better represent a data set.
     Reasoning about uncertainty:- correctly using ideas of randomness,
    chance and likelihood to make judgments about uncertain events.

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