Water Sample

ESTIMATION OF PH, EC, CARBONATES AND BICARBONATES IN
WATER
AIM
• To measure the pH and EC of the water sample.

• To estimate the amount of carbonates and bicarbonates in a water sample
DETERMINATION OF PH
Principle
• Water ph is measured by ph meter
• Glass electrode used for pH measurement employs a glass membrane of special chemically pure soft glass.
• When the electrode is dipped in a solution it develops an electric potential across glass membrane that is in
proportion to the difference in ph between the two sides of the membrane. This potential is measured.
Reagents
Buffer solutions- pH- 4, 7, 9.2
• Dissolve one buffer tablet (4, 7 or 9.2) in distilled water and make up
to 100 ml to get the desired pH.

Procedure
A.Caliberation of pH meter
Steps
• Switch on the instrument 10 minutes before to warm up
• Take approx. 30 ml of buffer solution (pH 4) in 50 ml beaker
• Introduce electrode in the buffer solution
• Adjust the standardization knobe to get a meter reading 4
• Remove the electrode from the buffer solution
• Wash the electrodes with distilled water, wipe clean and dry with tissue paper
• Keep the electrodes back in the distilled water
• Repeat the process with other buffer solutions

Procedure
B. Determination of pH of samples
• Take the water sample in a beaker and introduce the glass electrode in it
• Note the reading of the samples
• Wash the electrodes with distilled water, wipe clean and dry with tissue paper (it should be done after each
samples)
• Keep the electrodes back in the distilled water
• Switch off the instrument.

DETERMINATION OF EC
Principle
• EC gives the total amount of soluble salts present in the water.
• EC is measured using an EC meter.
• As the amount of soluble salts increases, conductivity increases. It is measured in terms of resistance to the
flow of current, expressed in milli mhos/cm or deci seimen/m(dS/m)

Reagents
• 0.01 N KCI -0.7456 g KCI dissolved in IL of distilled water gives a EC of 1.412 dS/m at 25°C.
• Saturated calcium sulphate solution in distilled water gives a EC of 2.2 dS/m

Procedure
• Switch on the conductivity bridge and wait for 10 minutes.
• Caliberate the instrument with standards (0.01 N KCl and standard calcium sulphate)
• Adjust the knobe to get reading of 1.41 and 2.2 dS/m)
• Immerse the electrode in water sample .
• Note the reading in dS/m

DETERMINATION OF CARBONATES AND BICARBONATES
Principle
• Carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the sample can be determined by titrating it against standard sulphuric acid
(H₂SO₄,) using phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators.
• Addition of phenolphthalein gives pink red colour in the presence of carbonates and titration with H ₂SO ₄,
converts these CO₃⁻ , into HCO₃⁻, and decolourises the red colour as shown below:
2 Na₂CO₃ + H₂SO₄ 2 NaHCO₃ + Na₂SO₄

END POINT
Principle
• Thus the carbonates neutralization is only half way. These bicarbonates along with the already present ones
are then determined by continuing the titration using methyl orange indicator which gives yellow colour in
presence of bicarbonates.
• On complete neutralization of bicarbonates the yellow colour will change to red.
2 NaHCO₃ + H₂SO₄ Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O + 2CO₂

END POINT
Reagents
• 0.01 N H₂SO₄
• Phenolphthalein
• Methyl orange.
Procedure
• Pipette 5 ml water sample in a 250 ml conical flask
• Add few drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
• If pink colour develops carbonate is present.
• Titrate against 0.01 N sulphuric acid till pink colour disappears .
• This titre value (X) gives value of half the amount of carbonates present.
• To the same solution add few drops of methyl orange indicator
• continue titration till straw yellow colour changes to pinkish red.
• This titre value(Y) gives value for half carbonates plus all the bicarbonates present in water.
Calculation
• Carbonates, me/l = 2X x Normality of H₂SO₄ x 10000

Volume of irrigation water taken
• Bicarbonates, me/l = (Y-2X) x Normality of H₂SO₄ x 1000

Volume of irrigation water taken
THANK YOU

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ESTIMATION OF PH, EC, CARBONATES AND BICARBONATES IN

• To measure the pH and EC of the water sample.

• Water ph is measured by ph meter

Buffer solutions- pH- 4, 7, 9.2

to 100 ml to get the desired pH.

• Switch on the instrument 10 minutes before to warm up

• Take approx. 30 ml of buffer solution (pH 4) in 50 ml beaker

• Introduce electrode in the buffer solution

• Adjust the standardization knobe to get a meter reading 4

• Remove the electrode from the buffer solution

• Keep the electrodes back in the distilled water

• Repeat the process with other buffer solutions

• Note the reading of the samples

• Keep the electrodes back in the distilled water

• Switch off the instrument.

• EC gives the total amount of soluble salts present in the water.

• EC is measured using an EC meter.

flow of current, expressed in milli mhos/cm or deci seimen/m(dS/m)

• Saturated calcium sulphate solution in distilled water gives a EC of 2.2 dS/m

• Switch on the conductivity bridge and wait for 10 minutes.

• Adjust the knobe to get reading of 1.41 and 2.2 dS/m)

• Immerse the electrode in water sample .

• Note the reading in dS/m

2 Na₂CO₃ + H₂SO₄ 2 NaHCO₃ + Na₂SO₄

• On complete neutralization of bicarbonates the yellow colour will change to red.

2 NaHCO₃ + H₂SO₄ Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O + 2CO₂

• Pipette 5 ml water sample in a 250 ml conical flask

• Add few drops of phenolphthalein indicator.

• If pink colour develops carbonate is present.

• Titrate against 0.01 N sulphuric acid till pink colour disappears .

• To the same solution add few drops of methyl orange indicator

• continue titration till straw yellow colour changes to pinkish red.

• Carbonates, me/l = 2X x Normality of H₂SO₄ x 10000

• Bicarbonates, me/l = (Y-2X) x Normality of H₂SO₄ x 1000

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