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    Equipment

    Slinky – to model transverse and longitudinal waves on a desk

    Rope – model transverse wave (tie rope to door handle)


    Spec statements
    Waves may be either transverse or longitudinal. The ripples on a water surface are an example of a
    transverse wave. Longitudinal waves show areas of compression and rarefaction. Sound waves travelling
    through air are longitudinal.
    Students should be able to describe the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves.
    Students should be able to describe evidence that, for both ripples on a water surface and sound waves in
    air, it is the wave and not the water or air itself that travels.

    Students should be able to describe wave motion in terms of their amplitude, wavelength, frequency and
    period. The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of a point on a wave away from its
    undisturbed position. The wavelength of a wave is the distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent
    point on the adjacent wave. The frequency of a wave is the number of waves passing a point each second.

    period = 1 f requency T = 1 f period, T, in seconds, s frequency, f, in hertz, Hz The wave speed is the speed
    at which the energy is transferred (or the wave moves) through the medium.
    Transverse and longitudinal waves and their properties 24/04/2024

    WALT: Confidently explain the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves

    Retrieval Starter Questions: 5 minutes in any order! Bronze = 1 point, silver = 3 points & gold = 5 points

    1) (RECALL) the Hooke’s law formula, formula


    triangle and all units. (1 point)

    2) (DESCRIBE/EXPLAIN) what happens to an


    object when an unbalanced (resultant) force acts
    upon it. (L4 – Forces 1 topic) (3 points)

    3) (DESCRIBE) the force extension required


    practical.
    Include: method, any measurements and the
    expected findings (5 points)
    Success Criteria:
    • Define transverse and longitudinal waves
    Define amplitude, wavelength and frequency

    •
    Retrieval Starter Questions:

    1) (RECALL) the Hooke’s law formula, formula triangle and all units. (1 point)
    F = ke (N) = (N/kg) x (m)

    2) (DESCRIBE/EXPLAIN) what happens to an object when an unbalanced (resultant) force acts


    upon it. (L4 – Forces 1 topic) (3 points)

    If the forces on an object are unbalanced, this is what happens:


    • a stationary object starts to move in the direction of the resultant force
    • a moving object changes speed and/or direction in the direction of the resultant force
    Retrieval Starter Questions:

    3) (DESCRIBE) the force extension required practical. Include: method, any


    measurements and the expected findings (5 points)
    1) Set up your apparatus as in the diagram making sure that:
    + The ruler is vertical.
    + The zero on the scale needs to be at the same height as the top of the spring
    + The splint is attached securely to the bottom of the spring.
    + Make sure that the splint is horizontal and that it rests against the scale of the ruler.

    2) Take a reading on the ruler – this is the length of the unstretched spring. Record this reading
    in your results table.
    3) Carefully hook the base of the weight stack onto the bottom of the spring. This weighs 1.0
    newton (1.0 N). Don’t forget that the mass added will have to be converted to newtons.
    4) Take a reading on the ruler – this is the length of the spring when a force of 1.0 N is applied
    to it.
    5) Add further weights. Measure and record the length of the spring each time.
    6) Calculate the extension for each weight and record it on the table. Use this calculation:
    Extension = Springs original length – the extended length.
    7) Use your results to plot a graph of weight against extension.
    Context: Transverse and longitudinal waves
    Waves can be used to transfer energy and information. All waves can be broken down
    into transverse and longitudinal waves – nice and simple! Transverse waves are all around us
    now, mobile phones use a type of transverse waves, your microwaves at home use transverse
    waves, how you are currently seeing this text is due to transverse waves! Without longitudinal
    waves you wouldn’t hear the person reading this passage so wonderfully!

    Links to Future Learning:


    Links to Prior Learning: • Multiple waves lessons in this
    • KS3 Waves topic
    • KS5: Waves

    Possible careers:

    Physical oceanographers explore tsunamis and wind and moon


    generated waves and their effects on coastal areas, weather and
    climate. For example, these scientists use their knowledge to warn of
    impending tsunamis and analyze the damage they cause or to research
    the causes of and strategies to combat beach erosion. Average salary
    £31,065
    SEE
    Two types of waves – transverse* and
    longitudinal

    Transverse waves have oscillations (vibrations) that are


    perpendicular (90 degrees) to wave direction.

    Examples include:
    1) Ripples on a water surface
    2) Secondary seismic waves (earthquake waves)
    3) The seven electromagnetic waves (radio, micro,
    infrared, visible ultra violet, x-ray and gamma)
    SEE
    Two types of waves – transverse and
    longitudinal*

    Longitudinal waves have oscillations (vibrations)


    that are parallel to wave direction.
    They show areas compressions and rarefactions.
    Examples include:
    1) All sound including ultrasound
    2) Primary seismic waves (earthquake waves)
    SEE
    Modeling using a slinky!
    Sort the following mess into a transverse and
    TRY
    longitudinal list!
    Contain compressions and rarefactions.

    Oscillations are parallel to wave direction.

    Ripples on a water surface, secondary seismic and all electromagnetic waves.

    Oscillations are perpendicular (90 degrees) to wave direction.

    Rarefaction

    Sound including ultrasound and primary seismic waves.


    Sort the following mess into a transverse and
    TRY
    longitudinal list!
    Transverse Longitudinal

    Contain compressions and rarefactions.

    Oscillations are parallel to wave direction.

    Ripples on a water surface, secondary seismic Rarefaction


    and all electromagnetic waves.

    Oscillations are perpendicular (90 degrees) to


    wave direction.

    Sound including ultrasound and primary seismic waves.


    SEE
    Wave properties The wavelength of a wave is the
    distance from a point on one wave to
    the equivalent point on the adjacent
    (next to) wave. Measured in metres (m)

    The amplitude of a wave is the maximum Peak is the highest point above the
    displacement of a point on a wave away undisturbed position and the
    from its undisturbed position. Measured in trough is the lowest
    metres (m)
    TRY Wave properties The amplitude of a wave is the distance
    (Spot the mistake in each box) from a point on one wave to the
    equivalent point on the adjacent (next
    to) wave. Measured in metres (m)
    amplitude  wavelength

    minimum  maximum trough  undisturbed

    The amplitude of a wave is the minimum


    displacement of a point on a wave away Peak is the highest point above the
    from its undisturbed position. Measured in trough position and the trough is
    metres (m) the lowest
    SEE
    Frequency Vs Time Period

    The frequency of a wave is The time period is the time


    the number of waves taken for one wave to pass a
    passing a point each given point or the time for one
    second. Measured in hertz complete oscillation,
    (Hz) measured in seconds (s)
    SEE
    Time Period equation and units
    TRY
    Match and write the key terms to the definitions
    TRY
    Match and write the key terms to the definitions
    TRY
    Take it in turns to describe what you know about:

    Time period
    Frequency
    Amplitude

    Wavelength

    Transverse waves

    Longitudinal waves
    APPLY/SECURE
    Apply your new knowledge – write in full sentences!
    1) Is sound a longitudinal or transverse wave?

    2) List examples of transverse waves

    3) List examples of longitudinal waves

    4) Differences between transverse and longitudinal


    waves

    5) Similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves

    6) Describe two differences between frequency and time


    period

    7) Why is displacement different to amplitude?


    APPLY/SECURE

    Apply your new knowledge – write in full sentences!


    1) Is sound a longitudinal or transverse wave?
    Longitudinal
    2) List examples of transverse waves
    Ripples on a water surface, secondary seismic waves and electromagnetic waves (radio, micro, infrared, visible
    ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma).
    3) List examples of longitudinal waves
    All sound including ultrasound and primary seismic waves.
    4) Differences between transverse and longitudinal waves
    Oscillations are perpendicular to wave direction in a transverse wave but parallel in a longitudinal wave.
    Longitudinal waves are made up from compressions and rarefactions – transverse are not.
    5) Similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves
    Both made up of oscillations. Both transfer energy.
    6) Describe two differences between frequency and time period
    Frequency is the waves passing a point each second whereas time period is the time taken for one wave to
    pass a point.
    Frequency is measured in hertz, but time period is measured in seconds.
    7) Why is displacement different to amplitude?
    Displacement is the distance from its undisturbed position whereas amplitude is the MAX displacement from
    undisturbed position.

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