1 Introduction

Overview of dental & Oral
medicine
Overview OF DENTISTRY
dentist
practitioner who is skilled in the
prevention, treatment of
disease ,injuries ,and malformation
of the teeth, jaws, and mouth and
who makes and insert false teeth.
Over view OF DENTISTRY
Dental disease
the provision of dental treatment are
influenced heavily by patient’s
beliefs, attitudes & values.
The aetiology of many dental
diseases (e.g. dental caries,
periodontal disease and oral cancer)
is influenced greatly by behavioural
and lifestyle factors.
Definition of Oral Health
. Oral health has been defined as
standard of the oral and related
tissues which enables an individual
to eat, speak and socialise without
active disease, and not feeling
shaming.
Oral Cavity
Teeth
Oral Cavity
Tongue - skeletal
muscle.
Salivary glands - three
pairs.
Oral Cavity
Hard and soft palates -

form roof of mouth.
Oral Cavity
Also called buccal

cavity - lined with
oral mucosa
Three pairs of Salivary Glands
Parotid
lateral side of face, anterior to ear,
drain by parotid duct to vestibule
near 2nd upper molar.
Submandibular
lmedial surface of mandible – drain

near lingual frenulum drain
posterior to lower molars.
Sublingual
in floor of mouth -
drain near frenulum
Source: pexels.com
Names of the teeth
CANINES
INCISORS MOLARS PREMOLARS
Parts of the teeth Enamel
Crown dentin
Neck Gingiva
rootcanal
Root
Oral cavity proper
Hard palate
❖ In the anterior portion of the hard palate

traverse ridges of epithelial and
connective tissue known as RUGUE.
❖ During speech and mastication the tongue
contacts these Rugue , they are covered
keratinized epithelium and are frequently
burned by the hot foods, which can cause
an ulcerated area of mucosa lingual to the
maxillary incisors.
Oral cavity proper
cont.....
❖ The area lingual to the second and third molar you
will see two openings in the bone, the greater
palatine foramen, these foramina passes through
the rest of the nerves to the hard palate, this area
may also be the injection site.
❖ The shape and size of hard palate vary from

individual to individual, it may be wide or narrow,
have high arching curvature or be quite flat.
Oral cavity proper
SOFT PALATE
❖ Soft palate stretches back from the hard
palate and its posterior region at midline
is downward projection known as the
UVULA.
❖ In relaxed state the soft palate has
slightly arching form one side to the
other, in speech and swallowing the soft
palate moves into various positions and
closes off the oral pharynx from nasal
pharynx.
❖ CLEFT PALATE is medico dental
problem and are treated by a team of
Oral Surgeon and Speech Therapist.
Functions of teeth
the teeth form a hard physical barrier,that protects the oral
cavity.
Chewing food, and aiding the digestivesystem in

breaking down food.
They necessary for proper speech, phonetics

and even whistling.
As weapons for group of mammals (carnivora)

The four structures of teeth are:
Enamel
Dentin
Pulp
Cementum
The four structures of teeth are
Enamel Dentin Pulp Cementum

Enamel
Enamel is first the outer surface
of the anatomic crown, it is
thickest over the tip of the crown
and becomes thinner until it
ends at the cervical line.
The chemical composition of
enamel is 96% inorganic and 4%
organic matter and water.
Enamel is the most densely
mineralized and hardest in the
human body.
dentin
Dentin forms the main portion or body of
tooth, it comporises the greatest bulk of
the tooth because it forms the largest
portion ofthe crown & root.
Dentin is wrapped in an envelope of
enamel, which covers the crown, and an
envelope cementum, which covers the
root.
Dentin is a hard, dense, calcified tissue, its
softer than enamel but harder than
cementum or bone, its yellow in color and
elastic in nature.
pulp
Dental pulp is the center of
the tooth, and dentin-
reparative system of the
tooth. It is composed of blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels,
connective tissue, nerve
tissue, and special dentin-
formation cells called
ODONTOBLASTS.
The pulp is housed in the
center of the tooth, with dentin
surrounding the pulp tissue.
cementum
Cementum is bone like substance
that covers the root.It is main
function is to provide a medium for
the attachment of the tooth to the
alveolar bone. It not as dense or
as hard as enamel or dentine but
is more dense than bone.The
chemical composition of
cementum is 45% to 50%
inorganic and 50% to 55% organic
component. The union of
cementum & dentin is called the
Dentinocemental junction.
CROWN & ROOT
► Each tooth has a crown and root portion, the crown

is covered with enamel, and the root portion is
covered with cementum.
► The crown portion of the tooth erupts through the

bone and gum tissue, after the eruption it will never
again be covered with gum tissue.
► ANATOMIC CROWN is the whole crown of the tooth that is covered by enamel, weather
erupts or not.
► THE CLINICAL CROWN is only that part seen above the gingiva. Any none erupts area is
not a part of a part of the clinical crown.
► The un-erupts portion of tooth, which is not visible in the mouth called CLINICAL ROOT.
Eruption and shedding of teeth
• Active tooth eruption implies the emergence of a crown into
oral cavity. Its also refers the total life span of the tooth,
from the beginning of crown development until the tooth is
lost or individual dies.
• causes of eruption
What causes tooth eruption? What are forces involved?

• Much research has been done concerning
this question, but more still needs to be
done.
• Some of the discussions and thoughts has
been done so far include:
1. Root enlogation
2. alveolar bone formation & changes
3. Periodental ligament
4. Vascular pressure in dental tissue
Shedding of primary dentition
►The anterior permanent teeth develop

apically and lingually to primary teeth,
whereas the permanent premolars
develop between the roots of the
primary molars.
DENTITION
The dentition is divided into three groups:-

• Primary (deciduous) teeth
• Mixed dentition
• Permanent dentition
primary (deciduoud) teeth
✔ The deciduous dentition is made up of primary teeth in
humans.
✔ These teeth are shed and then replaced by
permanent successors, the process of shedding the
deciduous teeth and replacement by the permanent
teeth is called exfoliation.
✔ Shedding begins to resorb at its apical end, and
resorption continues in the direction of the crown until
the entire root is resorped and the tooth finally falls
out.
mixed dentition
• A mixed dentition refers to one that comprises some

permanent teeth and some deciduous. After a child
permanent teeth begin to erupt, there are several years of
mixed dentition. The mixed dentition begins at about 6 yrs
of age.
• If any combination of primary and secondary teeth are in

the some dentition, then a mixed dentition is present.
• Not all the deciduous teeth are replaced at one time.
• Some adults may also have a mixed dentition; this occurs

when a deciduous tooth is retained even though the
remainder of the teeth are permanent.
permanent (secondary)
dentition
• The permanent teeth are 32 in number.
• The period of the permanent dentition begins when the last primary
tooth is lost and ends when the last permanent tooth is lost.
• This period usually begins at about 12 yrs of age, if all permanent teeth
are lost, no other period of dentition exists because there is no
dentition. Such condition is termed EDENTULOUS, meaning no
(teeth).
• The first permanent dentition to emerge, into the oral cavity are usually
mandibular first Molars, followed by the maxillary first Molars within few
weeks.
• Along with the eruption of the permanent molars comes the
phenomenon of MESIAL DRIFT, mesial drift is the tendecy of the
permanent molars to have an eruptive force toward the midline.
Naming and coding of teeth
There are so many system to identify a
particular tooth/teeth, but the most
common are:
1. Universal system
2. Palmer notation system
3. FDI system
These systems have been created to
understand when identifying a specific
tooth, arch, quadrant and name in order.
Palmer notation system
❖ It is the most common system used now days all over the
world. In the palmer notation system each of the four quadrants
is given its own prefix symbol or quadrant bracket.
❖ For instance, if the tooth is a maxillary tooth, the number or letter
should be placed above the line of the bracket, thus indicating
an upper tooth.
❖ Conversely a Mandibular tooth symbol should be placed below
the line, indicating a lower tooth, number or letters representing
teeth from the right quadrant, should be placed in a bracket with
a line to their immediate right as we view it.
Conti…
❖ This system is a shorthand diagram of the teeth as if

we were viewing the patient’s teeth from the outside.
❖ The number or letter assigned to each tooth depends
on its position relative to the midline. For example, the
central incisors, the teeth closest to the midline, have
the lowest number – the number 1 for permanent teeth
and the letter A for deciduous teeth
TONGUE
❖ The tongue is a highly mobile, muscular organ which

plays a major part in the mechanism of swallowing and
speech.
❖ It is attached, at its root, to the hyoid bone, itself highly
mobile, and its free surface are covered by mucous
membrane.
Thank you for attention

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Overview of dental & Oral

Hard and soft palates -

Also called buccal

lmedial surface of mandible – drain

❖ In the anterior portion of the hard palate

❖ The shape and size of hard palate vary from

Chewing food, and aiding the digestivesystem in

They necessary for proper speech, phonetics

As weapons for group of mammals (carnivora)

Enamel Dentin Pulp Cementum

► Each tooth has a crown and root portion, the crown

► The crown portion of the tooth erupts through the

What causes tooth eruption? What are forces involved?

►The anterior permanent teeth develop

The dentition is divided into three groups:-

• A mixed dentition refers to one that comprises some

• If any combination of primary and secondary teeth are in

• Some adults may also have a mixed dentition; this occurs

❖ This system is a shorthand diagram of the teeth as if

❖ The tongue is a highly mobile, muscular organ which

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