Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya

(Engineering College)
(An Autonomous Institution)

4CE55 : Dock, Harbour & Airport Engineering

Semester - VIII AY : 2023-24

TOPIC : MAJOR PORTS IN INDIA

Shivam Pandya (19CE023) Faculty Guide:

Jay Jakhotra (20CE077) Nekzad Umrigar
Vaidehi Goyani (20CE104) (Assistant Professor)
 CONTENT
About Port
Classification of Ports
Requirements of Good Port
Facilities at Major Port
Major Ports in India
Mumbai Port
Jawaharlal Nehru Port
Kandla Port
References

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 About Ports
 The term port is used to indicate a
harbour where terminal facilities such as
stores, landing of passengers and cargo,
etc are added to it.
 A port is an area where marine terminal
facilities are provided.
 The terminal is served by rail-road,
highway or inland waterway connections.
 The port is under the State Govt. and the
harbour is under the Central Govt.

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 The ports can be either natural or artificial. They can also be either river ports or
seaports.
 A river port is an upstream development for handling the freight of river boats and
barges.
 River ports have simpler problems than with the sea ports because the factor of
protection from wave action is minimized.
 In general, it can be stated that a port includes a harbour or in other words, every port is
a harbour but the reverse is not true.
 The 7517 km long Indian coastline has 12 major ports and 187 minor or intermediate
ports.

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 According to the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, around 95% of India's
trading by volume and 68 % by value is done through maritime transport.
 The major ports together have a capacity of 215 million metric tonnes (MMT) at 1997-
98 levels.
 During 2001- 2002, the total cargo handled at major ports was 287.56 million tonnes as
against 281.10 million tonnes during 2000-2001.
 The traffic for total ports in India was worth 740.3 million tons (MT) in 2009 and this is
expected to rise to 1,373.1 MT in 2015.
 Traffic at major ports is expected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
of 7.6 percent from 2010 to 2015.
 The capacity of Indian ports currently stands at 2,604.99 million tonne per annum in the
year of 2020.

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 Classification of Ports
Depending upon the location, the ports can be classified as :
 canal ports
 river or inland ports
 sea ports

Depending upon the size and location, the ports can also be grouped as :
 Major ports
 Intermediate ports
 Minor ports

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Depending upon the commodities dealt with or their use, the ports can
also be classified as :
 grain ports
 coaling ports
 transhipment ports
 ports of call
The Free port is used to indicate an isolated enclosed and policed area for handling of
cargo, etc for the purpose of re-shipping without the intervention of customs.
The Entry port is used to mean a location where foreign citizens and goods are cleared
through a custom house.

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 Requirements of a good Port
 The hinterland should be fertile with a good density of population.
 It should be centrally situated for the hinterland.
 It should get good tonnage i.e. charge per kN of cargo handled by it.
 It should be advanced in culture, trade and industry.
 It should be a place of defence and for resisting the sea-borne invasion.
 It should command valuable and extensive trade.
 It should be capable of easy, smooth and economic development.
 It should afford shelter to all ships and at all seasons of the year.

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 It should provide the maximum facilities to all the visiting ships including the servicing
of ships.
 The passage to open sea must have sufficient depth and width and it should be suitably
marked to aid navigation.
 The land surfaces of the coastline should be fully hard so that frequent repairs are not
required. If the coast is sandy, intermittent repairs to docks and port buildings will have
to be carried out frequently making their maintenance very expensive.
 It should have good communication with the rest of the country through rail and
highways so that the commodities can be transported to and from the port easily and
quickly.

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 Facilities at a Major Port
 Protection Facilities : Every port or harbour is to be protected from wind and waves.
Protection for basin water is made available by nature through land mass projection, if
not available naturally they are to be provided by construction of breakwaters.
 Dredging Facilities : Excavation below water surface is known as dredging. There are
two type of dredging Primary & Secondary or maintenance dredging.
 Entrance Facilities : The entrance must have width larger than the width of the widest
ship. Entrance space must have depth of water greater than navigable depth required for
the heaviest ship.
 Guiding Facilities : Guiding facilities are in form of fixed or floating signals, whistling
signals, lighthouse, etc.

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 Locking Facilities : When the tidal range at a harbour is greater than 8 m a water lock
to check entry and exit of tidal waters is essential, which otherwise undulate the basin
water to large extent.
 Turning Facilities : The vessels or ships likely to visit the harbour must have necessary
space in harbour basin to change their directions of motion in form of turning.
 Docking Facilities : Aprons or platforms supported on wharves or quay walls or piers
constructed in harbour basin form wet docks, providing docking facility.
 Loading-Unloading Facilities : Cranes on permanent track with capacities varying
from 1 to 50 tonnes are set to operate on aprons, supported on quay walls of wet docks.
 Storage Facilities : For. 2 to 3 days storage is made in transit sheds and storage of
goods for a long period is made in warehouses. Cold storages are most common for
chemicals, medicines, etc

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 Repairing Facilities : In immovable or fixed form graving type dry dock, marine
railway dry dock, lift dock are common types of repairing docks.
 Administrative Facilities : Booking offices, custom houses, power houses, repair
shops, fire houses, post offices, banks, telephone services as well as securities are
included in administrative facilities.
 Offshore Facilities : When a ship of large size, having draft greater than available depth
of water in basin is visiting harbour, it is to wait outside the harbour basin with mooring
and anchors.
 Quarantine Facilities : The passengers coming from abroad and who are to be checked
medically are asked to wait outside the harbour.

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 Major Ports in India
1) Kandla (Deendayal) Port 7) Ennore Port

2) Mumbai Port 8) Tuticorin Port

3) Mormugao Port 9) Visakhapatnam Port

4) New Mangalore Port 10) Paradip Port

5) Cochin Port 11) Kolkata (including Haldia)

6) Chennai Port 12) Jawaharlal Nehru Port

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 Mumbai Port
 Mumbai Harbour has been used by ships and boats for centuries. It was used by the
Maratha Navy, as well as the British and Portuguese colonial navies.
 In 1661, the port and island of Bombay were transferred to the King of England under a
marriage treaty.
 In 1668, the port was transferred to the East India Company and it soon became the first
port of call for the Company's ships from Europe to Madras and Bengal.
 In 1873, the present statutory autonomous corporation, known as The Bombay Port
Trust, was constituted.
 Mumbai port is situated almost midway (Latitude 18°56.3’N, Longitude 72°45.9’E)
along the West Coast of India and is gifted with a natural harbour.

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 It is ideally for international trade because
of its easy accessibility by sea, by air and
by land.
 The water depths range from 10 to 12
meters, making it feasible for massive
cargo ships to dock and pass.
 The Mumbai Port handles around 20% of
India's foreign trade and is essential to the
Indian economy and trading operations.
 It has four jetties that run various imports
and exports, such as crude and petroleum
oil, liquid chemicals, textiles, tobacco,
manganese, leather, and heavy machinery.

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• There are three enclosed wet docks namely Indira, Prince's and Victoria Docks.
• Indira Dock has an entrance lock 228.6 m long and 30.5 m wide through which vessels
can enter or leave the docks at any state of tide. There are 22 berths inside the basin & 5
berths along the harbours wall with a designed draft of 10.7 m & 8.5 m. The depth of
water inside the basin can be increased by 1.2 m by impounding water.
• The Victoria Dock is a semi-tidal dock and has 13 berths, with a designed draft of 7.9 m.
• There are 13 berths with a designed draft of 7.3 metres at Prince's Dock.
• Mumbai Port is India's biggest port in terms of size and maritime traffic.

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 Jawaharlal Nehru Port
 Jawaharlal Nehru Port, the country's
youngest and most modern port, was
commissioned in 1989.
 JNP has been planned and constructed as
State of the art facility designed to the
international standards in line with the most
modern facilities for handling dry bulk
cargo. It has highly- automated operations.
 JNP Port has been established opposite
Elephanta Islands, Mumbai, Maharastra
(Latitude 18°57’N, Longitude 72°57’E)
located on the west coast of India.
 The port is the busiest container port in
India.

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 Major exports from Jawaharlal Nehru Port are textiles, sporting goods, carpets, textile
machinery, boneless meat, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
 The main imports are chemicals, machinery, plastics, electrical machinery, vegetable
oils, and aluminium and other non-ferrous metals.
 The port handles cargo traffic mostly originating from or destined for Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, as well as most of North India.
 It handles around 50% of the total containerized cargo volume across the
major ports of India.
 The JNP Trust Container Terminal is operated by JNPT. It has a quay length of 680 m
(2,230 ft) with 3 berths.

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 The Nhava Sheva International Container Terminal (NSICT) commissioned in July
2000, it has a 600 m (2,000 ft) quay length with two berths. It can handle up to 62.15
million tons of cargo.
 NSICT was India’s first privately managed container terminal.
 In the year 2006, GTI (Gateway Terminals India Pvt Ltd), a third container terminal
with the capacity to handle 1.3 Million TEUs was commissioned.
 A new standalone container terminal having a quay length of 330 m and a capacity of
12.5 Million Tonnes will be fully operational by July 2016.
 The fourth container terminal, Bharat Mumbai Container Terminals is developed. The
Phase 1 with capacity of 2.4 Million TEUs p.a. had completed in Dec 2017. The
terminal will have full capacity of 4.8 Million TEUs p.a. and a quay length of 2,000 m
by the completion of Phase 2.

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 The project of Nhava-Sheva Port (NSP) was thought of in 1970 for an estimated cost of
Rs. 50 crores. But due to foreign exchange variations and other factors, the dream of
NSP came true only in 1989 at a great expense of about Rs. 700 crores.
 It has enough land and water space available for future expansion.
 It has about 35 km length of high quality roads.
 Computerization is a key element in the port operations. From thousands of containers,
any one can be tracked down in seconds with pin-point accuracy. It is a facility which
can be boasted only by few ports in the world.
 The 4 massive godown can store about 52 × 104 kN of food grains and 100 x 104 kN of
rock phosphate. The conveyor belts running up from the berths to the godown can each
carry 104 kN per hour.

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 Kandla Port
 Kandla Port, is a seaport in Kutch District of Gujarat state in Western India. Located on
the Gulf of Kutch, it is one of major ports on west coast.
 Kandla was constructed in the 1950s as the chief seaport serving western India, after the
partition of India form Pakistan left the port of Karachi in Pakistan.
 The Port of Kandla is located on Gulf of Kutch on the northwestern coast of India some
256 nautical miles southeast of the Port of Karachi in Pakistan and over 430 nautical
miles north-northwest of the Port of Mumbai(Bombay).
 The British Royal India Navy first appraised the Kandla stream in 1851 for suitability as
a port.
 The port of Kandla was created in 1931 with a single pier by erstwhile ruler of Kutch,
Khengarji III, who personally identified the spot and also connected the port by
extending the lines of Kutch State Railway from Anjar.

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 After India independence in late 1940s, the new government selected the Port of Kandla
as a promising outlet to the Arabian Sea.
 When the Port of Karachi was lost to Pakistan, maritime trade in the area shifted to the
Port of Mumbai. Mumbai’s facilities were soon strained beyond capacity.
 In early 1948, the India government created the West Coast Major Port Development
Committee to study the feasibility of building a major seaport to replace the port of
Karachi that went to Pakistan during partitioning.
 In 1952, Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone for the
upgradation and expansion the port on India's northwestern coast.
 The Port of Kandla was declared a major, port in April 1955.
 The Kandla Port Trust was created by law in 1963 to manage the new port.

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 It is the largest port of India by volume of
cargo handled.
 In 2008-09, total port traffic grew by 13.6%
to reach an all-time high of 7.22 crore (72.22
million) tonnes.
 In 2015-16 the port handled 10.6 crore (106
million) tonnes of cargo.
 The port's share in traffic handled by all
major ports has risen steadily over the years,
peaking at 13.6% in 2008-09.

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Economy
 The Port of Kandla Special Economic Zone (KASEZ) was the first special economic
zone to be established in Indian and in Asia.
 Established in 1965, the Port of Kandla SEZ is the biggest multiple-product SEZ in the
country.
 Covering over 310 hectares, the special economic zone is just nine kilometers from the
Port of Kandla.
 Today, the Port of Kandla is India's hub for exporting grains and importing oil and one
of the highest-earning ports in the country.
 Major imports entering the Port of Kandla are petroleum, chemicals and iron and steel
machinery, but it also handles salt, textiles and grain.
 A town has grown up on the port with a school and hotel etc.
 Kandla is also the first Export Processing Zone in India (1965).

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 References
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandla
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Port
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Port_Trust
• Harbour, Dock and Tunnel Engineering : Charotar Publications : R. Srinivasan
• A Course in Docks and Harbour Engineering : Dhanpat Rai Publications

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THANK YOU

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