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    Lecture 3

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    Lecture 3

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    10 views13 pages

    Lecture 3

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    Fikedu

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 13

    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

     This techniques is to improve the visual interpretability by increasing the


    apparent destinations between in the scene/image
     Mind is excellent in interpreting and identifying small differences in an image.
     Eye is poor in interpreting and discriminating slight radiometric or spectral
    differences.
     Image enhancement through computer aims to visually amplify these
    differences make readily observable.
     Image enhancement approaches fall into two broad categories:
     spatial domain methods and
     frequency domain methods.
    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
    A. Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
     The term spatial domain refers to the image plane itself, and approaches in this
    category are based on direct manipulation of pixels in an image.
     The term spatial domain refers to the aggregate of pixels composing an image.
     Spatial domain methods are procedures that operate directly on these pixels
     Spatial domain processes will be denoted by the expression.
    g(x, y) = T[f(x, y)] (3.1-1)
    where f(x, y) is the input image, g(x, y) is the processed image, and Tis an
    operator on f, defined over some neighborhood of (x, y).
     In addition, T can operate on a set of input images, such as performing the
    pixel-b y-pixel sum of K images for noise reduction.
    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
    Spatial Filtering
     Spatial Filtering is the process of dividing the image into its constituent spatial
    frequencies, and selectively altering certain spatial frequencies to emphasize
    some image features.
     Process of suppressing (de-emphasizing) certain frequencies & passing
    (emphasizing) others.
     This technique increases the analysts
     ability to discriminate detail.
    Local operation i.e. pixel value is modified based on the values
    surrounding it.
    • used for enhancing certain features
    • removal of noise.
    • Smoothening of image
    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
    1. Contrast Manipulation
    a.) Gray-level thresholding
    • Gray-level thresholding is used to segment an input image into two classes-one
    for those pixels having values below an analyst-defined gray level and one for
    those above this value.
    • The use of thresholding is to prepare a binary mask for an image. Such masks
    are used to segment an image into two classes so that additional processing can
    be applied to each class independently.
    • The TM1 image displays a broad range of gray levels over land and water. Let
    us assume that we wish to show the brightness variations in this band in water
    only.
    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

    Fig 1. TM1 brightness variation in water areas only


    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
    b.) Level slicing
     Level slicing is an enhancement technique where by the DNs distributed along
    the x axis of an image histogram are divided into a series of analyst-specified
    intervals or slices.
     All of the DNs falling within a given interval in the input image are then
    displayed at a single DN in the output image.
     Consequently, if six different slices are established, the output image contains
    only six different gray levels.
     The result looks something like a contour map. Each level can also be shown
    as a single color.
     Level slicing is used extensively in the display of thermal IR images in order
    to show discrete temperature ranges coded by gray level or color.
    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
    c.) Contrast stretching
    o Image display and recording devices typically operate over a range of 256 gray
    levels (the maximum number represented in 8-bit computer encoding).
    o Sensor data in a single image rarely extended over this entire range.
    o Hence, the intent of contrast stretching is to expand the narrow range of
    brightness values typically present in an output image over a wider range of
    gray values.
    o The result in an output image that is designed to accentuate to the image
    analyst.
    o To illustrate the contrast stretch process, consider a hypothetical sensing
    system whose image output levels can vary from 0 to 255.
    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
     Figure.2a illustrates a histogram of brightness levels recorded in one spectral
    band over a scene.
     Assume that our hypothetical output device (e.g., computer monitor) is also
    capable of displaying 256 gray levels (0-255).
     Note that the histogram shows scene brightness values occurring only in the
    limited range of 60 to 158.
     If we are to use these image values directly in our display device (Figure
    2b).We would be using only a small portion of the full range of possible
    display levels.
     Display levels 0 to 59 and 159 to 255 would not be utilized.
     Consequently, the tonal information in the scene would be compressed into a
    small range of display values, reducing the interpreters to discriminate
    radiometric detail.
    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

    Figure 2.
    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
     A more expressive display would result if we were to expand the range of
    image levels present in the scene (60 to 158) to fill the range of display values
    (0 to 255).
     In figure 2c, the range of image values has been uniformly expanded to fill the
    total range of output device.
     The uniform expansion is called linear stretch.
     Subtle variations in input image data values would now be displayed in output
    tones that would be more readily distinguished by the interpreter.
     The linear stretch would be applied to each pixel in the image using the
    algorithm.
    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
    DN’ = (DN-MIN/MAX-MIN)255
    Where
    DN’ = digital number assigned to pixel in output image
    DN= original digital number of pixel in input image
    MIN=minimum value of input image, to be assigned a value of 0 in the output
    image (60)
    MIX= maximum value of input image, to be assigned a value of 255 in the output
    image
    (158)
    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
    Histogram-equalized stretch
    • In the histogram equalized stretch image values are assigned to display levels
    on the basis of their frequency occurrence (Figure. 2d), more display values
    (and hence more radiometric detail) are assigned to the frequently occurring
    portion of the histogram.
    • The image value range of 109 to 158 is now stretched over a large portion of
    display levels(39 to 255).
    • A smaller portion (0 to 38) is reserved for the infrequently occurring image
    values of 60 to 180.
    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
    Special stretch
    In spectral stretch, specific futures may be analyzed in greater radiometric detail
    by assuming the display range exclusively to a particular range of image values.
    If water feature were represented by a narrow range of values in a scene,
    characteristics in the water features could be enhanced by stretching this small
    range to the full display range.

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