Erikson, Fromm,

Sullivan & Kardiner


By: Deanna Ferrell
 Erik Erikson

 Birth: June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany
 Death: May 12, 1994
 Abandoned by Father
 Raised by Mother and Stepfather
 Jewish
 Childhood

 Questioned who he was after learning Dr. Theodore
Homberger was not his real father
 Teased in temple school for being Nordic
 Rejected from grammar school for being Jewish
 Struggles in school started his interest in identity
 Adulthood

 Wanted to become an artist
 Didn’t even have a Bachelor’s Degree
 Received a certificate from Montessori Education
and the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
 Met Joan Serson and had 3 children
 Fled Europe to United States
 Career

 Child Psychoanalysis at Harvard Medical
 Taught at Yale
 Taught at University of California
 Taught at a clinic in Massachusetts
 Wrote Analysis of Hitler & Gandhi
 Won the Pulitzer Prize & National Book Award
 Famous for studies on modern life in Lakota &
Yurok
 Wrote Childhood & Society
 Psychological Theory

 Based his theory on Freudian Theory but with more society
and culture bases
 Erikson’s Psychosocial Crisis Stages
 1. Trust Vs. Mistrust (Infant)
 Issues = Feeding, comforting, teething, sleeping
 Positive = Hope and Drive
 Negative = Withdrawal
 2. Autonomy Vs. Shame & Doubt (Toddler)
 Issues = Bodily functions, toilet training, muscle control,
walking
 Positive = Will power & self-control
 Negative = Compulsion
 Cont…

 3. Initiative Vs. Guilt (Preschool)
 Issues = Exploration & discovery, adventure & play
 Positive = Purpose & direction
 Negative = Inhibition
 4. Industry Vs. Inferiority (Schoolchild)
 Issues = Achievement & accomplishment
 Positive = Competency & methodology
 Negative = Inertia
 Cont…

 5. Identity Vs. Role Confusion (Adolescent)
 Issues = Identity & direction, becoming a grown-up
 Positive = Fidelity & devotion
 Negative = Fanaticism, repudiation
 6. Intimacy Vs. Isolation (Young Adult)
 Issues = Intimate relationships, work, social life
 Positive = Love & affiliation
 Negative = Promiscuity, Exclusivity
 Cont…

 7. Generativity Vs. Stagnation (Mid-Adult)
 Issues = “giving back”, helping, contributing
 Positive = Care & production
 Negative = Overextension, rejectivity
 8. Integrity Vs. Despair (Late Adult)
 Issues = Meaning & purpose, life achievements
 Positive = Wisdom
 Negative = Disdain
 Little Facts

 Changed named to Erik Erikson when officially
American Citizen
 Son believed it was a way to declare himself a self-
made man
 Erikson = Son of Erik
 Erich Fromm

 Birth: March, 23 1900 in Frankfurt, Germany
 Death: 1980
 Family: Moody father, depressed mother
 Very religious orthodox Jews
 Childhood

 Friend killed herself when he was 12
 Attributed to him later claiming himself atheist
 WWI at the age of 14
 Adulthood

 PhD in sociology from Heidelberg in 1922
 Began career as psychotherapist
 Left Germany to the U.S. in 1934
 Became a dedicated socialist
 Help found the Frankfurt Psychoanalytical Institute
 1929 -1932 lectured at the Psychoanalytic Institute,
Frankfurt & the University of Frankfurt
 Wrote his own analysis of Hitler
 Freud, Marx, & Freedom
Combined

 Influenced by Freud & Marx
 Adds the idea of freedom to society and biology
Orientation Society Family Escape from Freedom

Receptive Peasant society Symbiotic (passive) Authoritarian (masochistic)

Exploitative Aristocratic society Symbiotic (active) Authoritarian (sadistic)

Hoarding Bourgeois society Withdrawing (puritanical) Perfectionist to destructive

Marketing Modern society Withdrawing (infantile) Automaton conformist

Humanistic communitarian Freedom and responsibility

Productive Loving and reasoning
socialism acknowledged and accepted
 Human Needs

 1. Relatedness
 Love – union with someone else without losing one’s uniqueness
 So strong we can seek out in unhealthy ways
 Submitting to others
 Dominating others
 Narcissism – denying this need by loving your own self
 2. Creativity
 Need to be a creator
 Form of love
 Giving birth, planting, painting, writing
 Can’t be creative
 Form of hatred
 Destroyer
 Cont…

 3. Rootedness
 Need to feel at home in the world
 Need to find your place in society
 Neurotic
 Afraid to leave home
 Fanatic
 See’s only their own group as safe everyone else is a
dangerous outsider
 Cont…

 4. Sense of Identity
 Need a sense of individuality to remain sane
 Desperately seek to fit in and conform to a group
 Give up lives to remain a part of a group
 This is not our real self and fails to satisfy our need of
identity
 5. Frame of Orientation
 Our need to understand the world around us
 Rationalization
 Reason
 Harry Sullivan

 Birth: February 21, 1892
 Death: January 14, 1949
 Father poor Irish farmer
 Mother sickly and showed little affection
 This shaped his views later in life
 Childhood

 Only surviving child
 Lonely, friends were mainly farm animals
 Adulthood

 Medical Degree in 1917 from Chicago College of Medicine and
Surgery
 1919 worked at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, D.C.
 Clinical research at Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital
 1936 helped establish the Washington School of Psychiatry.
 Professor and head of the department of psychiatry at
Georgetown University Medical School
 President of William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation,
 Editor of Psychiatry
 Chairman of Council of Fellows of Washington School of
Psychiatry.
 Developmental Epochs

 Emphasized interpersonal relations
 Personality was determined by environment
Developmental Epochs
 Infancy – birth to 1yr
 Beginning process of development
 Childhood – 1yr - 5yrs
 Development of speech and improved communication
 Juvenile – 6yrs – 8yrs
 Need playmates and socialization
 Preadolescence – 9yrs – 12yrs
 Forming close relationships with peers
 Cont…

 Early Adolescence – 13yrs – 17yrs
 Puberty
 Need for sexual expression
 Acceptance by opposite sex
 Late Adolescence – 18yrs – 23yrs
 Friendship & sexual expression combine
 Seek long term relationships
 Adulthood – 23yrs and older
 Financial Security
 Career
 Family
 Abram Kardiner

 Birth: August 17, 1891
 Death: July 20, 1981
 Mother died when he was a few years old
 Suffered from loss at an early age
 Adulthood

 Graduated from City College of New York
 1917 Cornell Medical School
 Interned at Mount Sinai Hospital
 Psychiatric residency at Manhattan State Hospital
 Sigmund Freud accepted him as a student-patient from 1921 to
1922
 Freud recognized Kardiner as a knower of people
 Worked with Frink in 1923
 Abraham Arden Brill in 1923
 Otto Rank in 1924
 Franz Alexander in 1927
 Cont…

 One of the founders in 1930 of the New York
Psychoanalytic Institute
 First psychoanalytical institute in the United States
• 1941 left New York Psychoanalytic Institute because of
theoretical and political disputes
• 1945 founded the Columbia University Clinic for
Psychoanalytic Training and Research,
 First psychoanalytic institute that was part of a university
medical school.
• Kardiner was its Director from 1959 to 1967
• Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Columbia University.
 Psychological
Anthropology

 Was part of the Basic and Modal Personality
approach
 References

 http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/
bio_erikson.htm
 http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/fromm.html
 http://www.answers.com/topic/harry-sullivan
 http://www.answers.com/topic/kardiner-abram
 http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html
 http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_th
eory.htm
 http://www.infed.org/thinkers/fromm.htm
 http://www.theglaringfacts.com/psychology/erich-fromm-h
umanistic-psychoanalysis/
 http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/stack_sullivan.html
 http://www.theglaringfacts.com/psychology/sullivan-interp
ersonal-theory/