Architecture Related with Demographic ,Urbanization

Urban growth &Urban development

Prep.by EYOAB.EQ
Architecture Related with Demographic
Demography is the statistical study of human populations.
Demography examines the size, structure, and movements of populations over space and time.
• It uses methods from history, economics, anthropology, sociology, and other fields.
• Demography is useful for governments and private businesses as a means of analyzing and predicting
social, cultural, and economic trends related to population.

Demographers require data, or put more precisely, they require a large amount of data to analyse populations.

• Before the “Demographic Transition”, there are numerous births and many deaths, the latter also at
younger ages. This results in a population with a “young” age structure with a high proportion of children and
a small proportion of older people.

• After the “Demographic Transition”, fewer children are born, but the majority of them live until a very
high age. This results in a population with an “older” age structure. This is what is meant by “population
ageing”.
• Definitions and Concepts of Urban Housing
According to the UN Housing is defined as a residential unit, which has at least
• One main room
• Private or shared toilet and bathing facility
• Private or shared kitchen
• Private or shared electric light
• Private or shared tap water
• Access Road

According to the UN Ad hoc group of experts on housing and urban development, the term “housing” defined
as:
“not only ‘shelter’ or household facilities, but also has services and utilities which link the individuals
with their neighbors”

Others defined housing as:

“Residential environment which includes the physical structure that the family uses for shelter, all the
necessary services, facilities, equipment and devices needed for the physical well being on the family
and the individual (Habitat, 1971).”
Thus , the term “Housing” can be conceptualized as the residential
environment consists

• not only the dwelling unit but also the

• site and setting,
• neighbors and community,
• municipalities and public services,
• rules, regulations and standards,
• habitability and accessibility,
• right and responsibilities, and cost and benefits.

Do these definitions and concepts set by different organs or

experts work in Ethiopia? Discuss.
The answer is no.
They do not fully work in countries like Ethiopia because there are
people who are not able to afford such houses in a competitive
environment.
houses are the reflections of household income and local socio-
economic condition.
It is not practical to attach all conditions towards international
standards and definitions while definitions and standards vary from
place to place.
Housing is designed to fulfill two kinds of human needs:
• physical and
• psychological.

Protection from nature is the obvious physical need that housing fulfills as a shelter.

elements of nature- temperature, humidity, rain, snow, wind, and sunlight- have influenced how people build their housing.

Housing as a shelter helps meet physical needs by protecting people from the weather.
It also provides a safe and convenient place to eat, sleep, and store possessions.

Psychological needs are needs related to thoughts and emotions.

include the need for love and belonging, privacy, fun and relaxation, and comfort.
include the need to feel a sense of identity and to express oneself.
Housing that provides opportunities to meet psychological needs is more than just a structure- it becomes a home.

Everyone needs housing.

• provides privacy and security
• Provide protection against physical elements.
• improves the health and the productivity of the occupants and thereby contributes to their wellbeing and to broader
economic and social development.
• A good investment an important asset for its owner:
• generate income through home-based activities,
• serve as collateral for loans.
The Relationship between Housing and Urbanization
Define the following concepts:
• Urbanization
• Urban growth
• Urban development
Definition Of Terms and Concepts

Urbanization: a process by which a population becomes concentrated in

cities or urban places.
Urbanization process:

1) through an increase in the number of urban places;

2) Through an increase in size of the population residing in each urban places.

The degree or level of urbanization (U) is normally measured by the

index that is some kind of ratio between the urban population (PU)
and the total population (pt).

U = Pu * 100
Pt
Therefore, Urbanization is a measure of the growth of urban populations
within a given territory.
Urban growth :-is the absolute growth of urban population or the physical
expansion of urban fabric.
 Definition of Terms and Concepts
Urbanism
• Refers to the urban way of life or style.
• It is used to describe the extent to which a given population confirms to what is deemed to be urban life style.
Urban Development-
• The level of service provided which brings about better standard of living.
• The development may be economical, social, technological and the physical environment in order to alleviate the urban problems.
• It covers aspects of urbanization, urban growth and urbanism, since it involves fundamental changes in the economic structure,
and human behavior.
Current Housing Scenario In Addis Ababa
Housing and Governments’ Attention

• In most countries, government acknowledges certain responsibilities in assuring citizens agreed-upon minimum living standards,
including the provision of decent and affordable housing.

• However, such international thinking on low-income housing has been heavily influenced by neo liberal ideas advocating that
governments should not be directly involved in provision.

• Rather, governments should adopt the enabling approach supporting non-governmental stakeholders who, in turn, should be the
primary actors in the provision of housing.

There are five main modes of low-income housing provision (Werna, 1998):
1. Direct provision of housing by the private sector,
2. Direct public provision,
3. Public support for private supply,
4. Public support for demand, and
5. Partnerships between public and non-public actors
Distribution of Housing Assets:
• Houses are not just places to live – they are assets.
• Research has shown that access to financial assets can affect life chances.
• With rising house prices there is a redistribution of wealth from non-homeowners to existing homeowners.
Summarized Social and economic benefits of housing
• Housing as a basic need of human being
• Property exchangeable to capital
• Provision of additional income (through sale, rent, use it as a production area, etc.)
• As a social security
• Equitable wealth distribution through ownership
• Sustainable society through (saving), 10-30 % house hold expenditure is for
housing in developing countries
• Access to loan through collateral and economic development by investing
• Enhance opportunities of the construction industry (construction contributes 6-20
% of the GDP in developing country's)
• The construction of housing is labor intensive
Urban Housing Market
Housing has three features that make it different from other products:
First, housing is a heterogeneous, complex and multidimensional good.
• Individual houses and apartments differ in floor space, design, age, quality, standard, furnishings,
tenure, size and number of additional spaces or buildings (garage, garden), location, quality of the
environment, accessibility and so on.

• It is very difficult to measure the unit of output and the demand for housing in general because the
rent paid for a small flat can be the same as for a larger family house, even under conditions of optimal
distribution and market equilibrium.
Second, housing is a durable good and as such it becomes subject to both
consumption and investment.
There are two housing markets.
A) consumer good (housing service)
is exchanged, and
the price per unit of housing service is determined.
B) the investment good (housing stock)
is exchanged and
the price per unit of housing stock is determined
Third, housing is a spatially fixed good and cannot be moved from one location to another.
• To buy a dwelling means not only to buy a particular dwelling but also to buy the socio-economic
status of a neighborhood and the level of accessibility to the place of employment.
• The price per unit of homogeneous housing services varies with distance: near the centre of employment
the price will be higher than farther away.
• when income or housing preferences change, consumers don’t instantly adjust their housing
consumption. Instead, they wait until the gap between the ideal house and their actual house is large
enough to justify the large cost of moving.
Due to its durability, lack of transparency (in prices), low liquidity, high transaction costs as well as high price itself, supply of
housing adjusts only slowly to changes in demand; that is, in the short term the housing market is often in stage of
disequilibrium.
What determines the equilibrium price of a dwelling?
Under the hedonic approach, we determine the price of each part of the housing bundle. A study of the market might generate
the following information
Base price. The average house price example- A house which hat three bed rooms, is five miles from the city center and its
roof is six years old- with a price of 200, 000
Access price. The price drops by some amount for every additional mile from the city center
Size. The price increases by some amount for every additional bedroom.
Roof age. The price of housing decreases by some amount for every year of roof age.
Air quality. The price decreases by some amount for every additional unit of air pollution.
Schools. The price increases by some amount for every one unit increase in the average test score of students in the local
elementary school

• Neighborhood characteristics with positive effects on housing prices are proximity to jobs, high performing schools,
transit stations, and religious organizations.
• In contrast, property values are lower in neighborhoods close to areas with high crime rates, toxic waste facilities, and
noisy highways.
URBAN HOUSING PROBLEMS, POSSIBLE CAUSES AND
INTERVENTIONS

1. Un-affordability of the Urban Housing

2. Gap between Housing Demand and Supply
3. Houselessness /Homelessness
4. Over-crowdedness
5. Proliferation of Squatter and Slum Settlements
• Physical,
• Social and
• legal
Learning from the Past
1 Many governments have tried anti-urbanization policies

• Evicting the urban poor from their informal settlements,

• Demolishing and sending the residents to the rural areas.
largely proven to be ineffective and have failed to stop rural-urban migration or the spread of informal
settlements.

2 Some governments launched subsidized public-sector housing for the urban poor.

• Highly successful in Hong Kong and Singapore where slum dwellers and squatters were resettled in
high-rise buildings with small apartments.

3 Some governments have urged the private sector to develop housing for the urban low-income
population.

• Some governments have created an environment in which the private sector is encouraged to move
down-market.
• Faster approval procedures, lower interest rates for housing loans, smaller minimum plot sizes enable
the private sector to build lower-cost housing.
Urban Housing Policies…
Housing Policies and Programs under the EPRDF

• Decentralization, Market Reforms and Urban Housing

• ADLI and Urban Housing Provision
attempts to improve urban governance, access to land, housing and
infrastructure.
SDPRP I and Urban Housing
• Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP I), the
Ethiopian government has developed a strategy to address urban poverty
• The document assigns six major strategic goals to Ethiopia’s program to
improve urban development and management:
• Strengthening urban governance
• Infrastructure provision
• Addressing housing problems
• Improving land management
• Strengthening employment opportunities, and
• Addressing urban environmental concerns
THANK YOU