Plane Geometry

Introduction to Plane Geometry
Plane geometry is the branch of mathematics that studies the properties of

two-dimensional figures. Plane geometry deals with lines, angles, shapes,
polygons, and various other concepts. Plane geometry is a fundamental part
of mathematics and is essential for understanding higher mathematical
concepts and theorems.
Angles
An angle is a figure formed by two rays with a common endpoint. There are
three types of angles: acute, right, and obtuse. Acute angles measure less
than 90 degrees, right angles measure 90 degrees, and obtuse angles
measure more than 90 degrees.
Triangles
A triangle is a three-sided polygon. There are three types of triangles:

equilateral, isosceles, and scalene. Equilateral triangles have three equal
sides, isosceles triangles have two equal sides, and scalene triangles have no
equal sides.
Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon. There are four types of quadrilaterals:

square, rectangle, parallelogram, and trapezoid. Squares have four equal
sides, rectangles have two sets of equal sides, parallelograms have two pairs
of parallel sides, and trapezoids have one pair of parallel sides.
Circles
A circle is a shape with all points the same distance from the center. The
radius is the distance from the center to any point on the circle. The diameter
is the distance from one point on the circle to the opposite side.
Polygons
A polygon is any two-dimensional shape with three or more straight sides.
There are many different types of polygons, including triangles, quadrilaterals,
pentagons, hexagons, and octagons. Polygons can be regular or irregular.
Regular polygons have all sides and angles equal, while irregular polygons
have sides and angles unequal.
Lines and Line Segments
A line is a straight path extending in two directions. A line segment is a

portion of a line with two endpoints. A line segment can be measured using
its length, which is the distance between the two endpoints. The midpoint of
a line segment is the point halfway between the two endpoints.
Transformations
Transformations are changes made to a shape or line. There are four types of
transformations: translations, reflections, rotations, and dilations. Translations
are movements of a shape from one place to another. Reflections are flipping
a shape over a line or point. Rotations are spinning a shape around a point.
Dilations are enlarging or shrinking a shape.
Symmetry
Symmetry is when an object looks the same after being reflected, rotated, or
flipped. There are three types of symmetry: reflectional symmetry, rotational
symmetry, and point symmetry. Reflectional symmetry occurs when an object
is reflected over a line. Rotational symmetry occurs when an object is rotated
around a point. Point symmetry occurs when an object is reflected over a
point.
Coordinate Geometry
Coordinate geometry is the study of geometry using coordinates. In
coordinate geometry, points are described by their location on a coordinate
plane. The coordinate plane consists of two perpendicular lines, the x-axis
and the y-axis, which intersect at the origin. Points are described by their x-
and y-coordinates.
Area and Perimeter
Area is the measure of the size of a shape or object. Perimeter is the measure
of the distance around the outside of a shape or object. Both area and
perimeter can be measured in various units, such as square centimeters,
square meters, or square inches.
Circumference
Circumference is the measure of the distance around the outside of a circle.

The circumference of a circle can be calculated using the formula C=πd,
where d is the diameter of the circle. The constant π can be estimated as
3.14.
Volume
Volume is the measure of the amount of space an object occupies. The
volume of an object can be calculated using the formula V = l x w x h, where l
is the length, w is the width, and h is the height of the object. The volume of a
three-dimensional shape can also be calculated using the formula V = B x h,
where B is the area of the base and h is the height of the object.
Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem states that the sum of the squares of the lengths
of the two shorter sides of a right triangle is equal to the square of the length
of the hypotenuse. The theorem can be used to calculate the length of the
hypotenuse of a right triangle when the lengths of the two shorter sides are
known.
Summary
Plane geometry is the branch of mathematics that studies the properties of
two-dimensional figures, such as lines, angles, shapes, polygons, and circles.
It deals with concepts such as angles, triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, lines,
line segments, transformations, symmetry, coordinate geometry, area and
perimeter, circumference, volume, and the Pythagorean Theorem.

Plane Geometry

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Plane Geometry

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Introduction to Plane Geometry

Plane geometry is the branch of mathematics that studies the properties of

A triangle is a three-sided polygon. There are three types of triangles:

A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon. There are four types of quadrilaterals:

A line is a straight path extending in two directions. A line segment is a

Circumference is the measure of the distance around the outside of a circle.

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