Training Plan - 2G3G4G

GSM, WCDMA and LTE Theory
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Telecommunication
 Telecommunication is transmission of signals over a

distance for the purpose of communication
Modes of
Communications.
 Simplex Mode.
 Half Duplex
 Full Duplex

Multiple Access Technologies
 Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the

same communication medium.
 There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :
FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.
 GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).
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GSM 900 Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900
Operator Assigned (M900)Bandwidth (UL) Assigned Bandwidth (M900 (DL)
ETISALAT 890 - 895 935 - 940
MTEL 895 - 900 940 - 945
GLOBACOM 900 - 905 945 - 950
MTN 905 - 910 950 - 955
AIRTEL 910 - 915 955 - 960
Uplink Downlink
890MHz 915 935 960MHz

Duplex Separation: 45MHz
Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
F(n) = 890.0 + 0.2n n=ARFCN

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DCS 1800 Frequency Spectrum
DCS 1800
Operator Assigned (M1800)Bandwidth (UL) Assigned Bandwidth (M1800) (DL)

ETISALAT 1770 - 1785 1865 - 1880
MTEL 1725 - 1740 1820 - 1835
GLOBACOM 1710 - 1725 1805 - 1820
MTN 1740 - 1755 1835 – 1850
AIRTEL 1755-1770 1850- 1865
Uplink Downlink
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
F(N) = 1710.0 + 0.2(N-512)

UMTS 2100 Frequency Spectrum
UMTS 2100
OPERATOR MTN GLO ETISALAT AIRTEL

Rx FREQUENCY(UL) 1920-1930 1930-1940 1940-1950 1950-1960
Tx FREQUENCY(DL) 2110-2120 2120-2130 2130-2140 2140-2150
Uplink Downlink
1920 1980 2110 2170MHz
Raster: 200KHz
Channel : 5MHz F center = UARFCN * 200 KHz

Frequency Band of LTE
 From LTE Protocol:

 Duplex mode: FDD and TDD FDD Frequency Band
 Support frequency band form 700MHz to 2.6GHz Uplink (UL) Downlink (DL)
E-UTRA Duplex
Band FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high Mode
 Support various bandwidth: 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz,
10MHz, 15MHz, 20MHz 1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz FDD

 Protocol is being updated, frequency information
could be changed.
5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD
TDD Frequency Band 6 830 MHz – 840 MHz 875 MHz – 885 MHz FDD
Uplink (UL) Downlink (DL) 7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz FDD
E-UTRA Duplex 8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz FDD
Band FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high Mode
1749.9 – 1844.9 – 1879.9 FDD
9 1784.9 MHz
MHz MHz MHz
33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD
1427.9 – 1452.9 MHz 1475.9 – 1500.9 FDD
35 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz TDD 11 MHz MHz MHz
… … … …
... … … …
Created by ABBANET www.abbanet.com.ng

Frequency Reuse Plan
5 7
1 3
9 11
6 8
2 4
10 12
4 site X 3 cells reuse R
8
GSM Architecture
9
WCDMA Architecture
10
LTE Architecture
11
Network Identities
MSISDN-Mobile Subscriber Integrated services Digital Network Number
CC NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234
12
ABBANET I.T SOLUTIONS NIG. LTD
Network Identities
LAI
MCC MNC LAC
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC: Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network Code ， It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC: Location Area Code ， It is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011
13
Network Identities
CGI
MCC MNC LAC CI
Cell Global Identification
The CGI is the international code for a Cell.
14
Network Identities
IMSI
 The international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) is a number that
uniquely identifies every user of a cellular network. It is stored as a 64-
bit field and is sent by the mobile device to the network. It is also used
for acquiring other details of the mobile in the home location
register (HLR). MSIN is mobile station identification number
Example 621201357924680
MCC MNC MSIN
IMSI

Network Identities
TMSI
 The Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is a temporary
identification number that is used in the GSM network instead of
the IMSI. The TMSI prohibits tracing of the identity of a mobile
subscriber by interception of the traffic on the radio link.
 The TMSI is assigned to a mobile subscriber by the Authentication
Centre (AUC). The TMSI is assigned for the duration that the
subscriber is in the service area of the associated Mobile Switching
Centre (MSC)
 Example 621201357924680
MCC MNC MSIN
IMSI

GSM Logical Channel
17
GSM MO Call Flow
18
UMTS Channels
19
UMTS Services
 3G UMTS services
3G services can be categorized into four. These four categories can be best understood if you always remember
the word BSIC.
 Background services. This service includes web Emails that can be delivered now and viewed any other
time.
 Streaming Services: These services include online streaming videos etc. When you are watching video
online, or YouTube supported by 3G, you on this service.
 Interactive services: This is internet surfing. Fetching internet pages and browsing etc where response is
needed after a certain amount of time.
 Conversational Services. Services such as voice calls and video conferencing all fall under
conversational services.
3G Characteristics
 Asymmetrical services:
If your want to view a streaming video as an example, you send request for the service on the uplink and
receive the streaming video on the downlink. The amount of the data you send in your request is much
smaller compared to the video that the server sends back to your laptop. The two processes are
asymmetrical in that they are not equal. 3G provide channels front and back to these services depending
on their sizes. In 2G systems using circuit switched data, resources are allocated symmetrically, even if
the service was asymmetric, resulting in inefficient use of available RF spectrum.
 Bandwidth on demand
3G network also create bandwidth based on the amount of data to be transferred.
 Concurrent services
In 3G network, somebody can make call while surfing the internet. More than one service can run
concurrently without any one preventing the other.
 Always on.
3G network provides an always on capability in that a user
20
Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink power

settings can be controlled
independently and individually. 5W
Power Control adjusts the transmitting
power of BTS and MS when needed. It
is based on measurement reports of
BTS and MS.
0.8W
Saves battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference
8W
BCCH -------
Does not attend Power control
21
DTX and VAD
Discontinuous Transmission – DTX
Voice Activity Detection – VAD
Battery Saving
Interference reduction
22
Timing Advance( TA)
The mobile phone should

send the signal in advance!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
23
Diversity – What’s Diversity?
 Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both

overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and
increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
 The former is achieved by ensuring “uncorrelated” (i.e. low

enough correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not
all antennas experience fades at the same time.
24
Frequency Hopping
Frequency
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Frame
Time
25
BCCH
SDCCH
TCH
5 TCH
5
6
8
TCH 7 9
11
12
10
TCH 10

Classification of Antenna
 Classify by working band: UHF, VHF, microwave, etc.
 Classify by radiate pattern: omni, directional
 Classify by structure: line, pane, parabola feed
 Classify by polarization: vertical and horizontal
 Classify by outline: line and pane
 Classify by band: single band, dual band, triband, tetra band
27
Function of Antenna
 Convert high frequency current to electromagnetic wave when

transmitting
 Convert electromagnetic wave to high frequency current when
receiving
 Antenna can not amplify the transmission power, just concentrate
RF power to one direction
horizontal section Vertical section
28
Radiate Pattern
directional Antenna omni direction
29
Outline
30
Polarization
 The direction of electro - vector radiated by antenna. The

vertical polarization wave is vertical with the plane of ground,
and the horizontal polarization waves parallel with the plane of -
ground
 Single antenna has only one polarization direction.
 Dual polarized antenna contains two single - polarized antenna
in one entity. Dual polarization antenna usually adopts +45/ 45
degree orthogonal polarization.
31 31
Polarization
È«Ï òÌ ì Ï ß µ¥¼«»¯¶¨ Ï òÌ ì Ï ß Ë«¼«»¯¶¨ Ï òÌ ì Ï ß
vertical polarization vertical polarization dual polarization

Omni antenna directional antenna directional antenna
32
Polarization
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
+ 45 - 45
33 33
Dual Polarization
V/H +/- 45°
34 34
Down Tilt
 mechanism
 Electrical tilting
Carry out 2’ MT
35 35
INTERFERENCE.
Distortion of signal resulting to reduction of signal
quality.
• TYPES
1. ADJACENT INTERFERENCE
2. CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
36 36
SOURCES OF INTEFERENCE
Multipath (long echoes)
Frequency re-use
External interference
37 37
Interference Control
• Frequency Planning
• Suitable Site Location.
• Antenna Azimuth, Down tilt and Up tilt.
• Discontinuous Transmission.
• Adaptive Antenna.
• Adaptive Channel Allocation.
38 38
FADING
Loss in signal strength due obstacles or obstructions.

• TYPES
1. Fast Fading.
2. Slow Fading.
• CONTROL
1. Suitable site location.
2. High gain antenna.
High gain dbi or dpd , medium gain, low gain
3. Dbi= 2.15 + dbd
39 39
LINK BUDGET
Used to balance uplink and downlink.
• PBTS = PMS + G a –Kb

PBTS= BTS Power
PMS = MS Power
G a = Antenna Gain
Kb = Losses
POWER WATT OR dBm
dbm = 30 + log pwatt

40 40
LOCATION UPDATING
•Normal Location Update.
•T3 212 Timer
•IMSI attach/Detach LU.
41 41
Handover
•TYPES
1. Intracellular Handover
2. Intercellular
3. Intra BTS, Inter BTS
4. Inter BSC, Intra BSC
5. Intra MSC, Inter MSC
Handover Algorithm.
• Cell Neighbors
Handover Success rate

HOSR= Successful HO * 100/1
Total HO attempts
42 42
DT Reporting
Introduction- MS Configuration. Stakeholders(Companies), DT Location, Report Prepared by Who,

Date etc.
Statistical Summary Page
Coverage and Quality Plots

2G (GSM) 3G(UMTS,WCDMA) 4G(LTE)
RxLevel RSCP RSRP

RxQual,SQI,C/I EcNo, EcIo RSRQ,SNR
CQI CQI
BCCH Server PSC PCI
RLC HSDSCH DL Plots PDCP Throughput DL, RLC Throughput DL
RSSI RSSI
Events Analysis
Dropped Calls, Blocked Calls, Handover, E-RAB Drop Rate,Initial E-RAB Setup
Success Rate etc
Conclusion/Detailed Recommendations

Launching TEMS……………
launch
TEMS
1
Click to
launch
TEMS
Prepared in Nigeria by Abba Jude Onyekachi. www.abbanet.com.ng 08030884933

Launch new
workspace
Here
Choose here if
you already
saved a worspace

Click to record logfile when you drive test
New workspace that has

not been saved before
looks like this except if
you opened already
saved workspace

TEMS Toolbars…………… Items under
CONFIGURATION
TOOLBAR
Tool Bars
Items under
VIEW
TOOLBAR
Items under
PRESENTATION
Items under
TOOLBAR
FILE Items under
TOOLBAR WORKSHEET
Items under
TOOLBAR
CONTROL
Items under TOOLBAR
LOGFILE
TOOLBAR
Right click HERE to create or rename worksheet just like Excel

How to Launch Map in TEMS……………
Presentation > Positioning> Map

How to Load Cell Ref on the Map……………
Configuration > General> Cell File Load >Add(Go select inside where saved in computer)
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How to name Cell Ref……………
!> Cell Layer >Cell Theme> Cell Labels(Check)
Click to choose
technology
GSM,WCDMA,LTE based
on the loaded cell ref,
whether 2G cell ref, 3G
cell ref or 4G cell ref

To select coverage to display on map(Rxlevel ,RSCP etc……
Choose technology
that corresponds
coverage of
interest HERE
Click HERE to
choose type
of coverage.
Choose
which MS is
used for
!> Coverage layer>Expand the plus sign>Double click any

How to select coverage for display……………
Click HERE to choose Rx Level, Rx Quality, is you chose GSM. Or

RSCP and EcNo is you chose WCDMA
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How to display serving cell line ……………
Choose
technology
based on
the cell REF
Click OK you loaded,
whether 2G
or 3G
!> Cell Layer>Expand the plus sign>Click once on Cell Theme[14]

How to display Events (e .g Dropped call) on your log file …
!>Event Layer>Expand the plus sign>Click once on Cell Theme[14]

How to write script to run call commands…
Control
Control
Control>>Service
ServiceControl
Control Designer
Designer
Expand>any
Service Control
of this, Designer
drag items to
Default Workflow depending on
your required configuration
Control > Service Control Designer

Expand Control, drag and drop

(Radio Access Technology) to lock
moblie on either 2G or 3G

Expand Control Flow, drag and drop

(Parallel) if you have more than one
MS that will be needed to dial
simultaneously or concurrently
Expand Control Flow, drag and drop

(While) to make the call repeat
itself throughout your DT.
Expand IP, drag and drop

(FTP Download Snippet or FTP
Upload Snippet or HTTP Download
Expand Voice, drag and drop Snippet or HTTP Upload Snippet)
(Voice Call Snippet) for Voice dial DT. depending on the data DT of interest.
080308849
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Click on Script and click Run to dial all MS
Sample of script running a parallel

Scripts
command with three MS

How to configure you snippet…
Expand properties Icon to change MS

When you drag and drop a snipet, click (EQ1, EQ2 or),duration depending on set.
on it to edit its features.
Sample of script running a parallel

Scripts
command with three MS
08030884933
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How to set up your Workspace Environment…
Presentation>Go to GSM for 2G, WCDMA for 3G,LTE for 4G and chose what you want

How to edit legend in TEMS…
View>Navigator>Info Ele> Expand WCDMA or GSM and expand coverage of interest>Double

click Color and Edit

How to upload route …
1
Click position map to chose route saved
3
Sample of uploaded route
2
Click Open to open the route

Launching TEMS Discovery……………
Click to Launch
TEMS Discovery

To create project……..
You must create project as a fisrt task once you launch

TEMS discovery. Name your project according to what
you are doing. For instance, analysis of logfile driven
for MTN network Nsukka in July 2016 can be named---
MTN_Nsukka_July2016

Creating Project……………
Click to create
new Project
Name your
Created project will look project HERE Click No if you
like Ibadan-Abeokuta And click save don’t want to
sample HERE and close read Getting
started.

Importing logfile into your Project……………
Open File 2
Follow Import
1
3
Click HERE
Click HERE to
vector into where
you saved the
4
logfile
Click HERE to edit

configuration 7
5 Click import Check only GSM and WCMDA for
only 2G and 3G analysis, uncheck
others 6

Grouping logfiles based on name , mobile , operator etc……………
2
Open Dataset
Choose Device for MS

3 Expand Dataset grouping
Right-click loaded logfile 4 6
Follow HERE to chose

grouping
5
1
Open a project
by double
clicking HERE

To display coverage on map e .g Rxlevel ,RSCP,EcNo etc……
2
Expand GSM Received
Signal Level
3
Right click THIS and send to
map for 2G Rxlevel
1
Having grouped the logfile,
expand the MS that contains
coverage of interest. 2G MS
for Rxlevel, Rxquality and 3G
MS for RSCP, EcNo

To display coverage on map e .g Rxlevel ,RSCP,EcNo etc……
Expand WCDMA Cell

Measurement 2
Right click and send A1 to map

for 3G EcNo
Right click and send A1 to map

1 for 3G RSCP
Having grouped the logfile,
expand the MS that contains
coverage of interest. 2G MS
for Rxlevel, Rxquality and 3G
MS for RSCP, EcNo

To create composite ……
You create composite in order to joins multiple log

files together. It can be composite based on MS, file
name, technology, operator etc

To create composite ……
Right click Composite 1
click Create/Edit…..
click New
Name your composite

Right click log name
to group based on MS. 4
Drag and drop
Drag and drop HERE
5
6

To view created composite & display coverage on map….
Expand HERE to view created

composite…..
Expand each created composite to
display coverage on the map as
explained initially

To load a cell ref on Discovery……..
You need a cell ref in order to see all the sites and their
positions on the map.

To load a cell ref on Discovery……..
Click File Toolbar 1
4
2 Choose Project HERE
Follow import
5
Browse to upload cell ref
3
Click Import Network
Configuration
Click Import

To import and export report……
You import and export report to get your log call

statistics, coverage plot etc. A raw report script is first
imported before it is used to export result from a
loaded logfile.

To import report……
1
Click Report Template/… Icon
Click Open and chose where it is

saved in your system
Click Save 2
4
3
Click Open

To Export report of a loaded logfile ……
3
Chose the report you
1 imported earlier from the list
Right Click the log HERE
2
4
Click Generate Report
Click Generate Report
08030884933
To demarcate map into different views…..
1
Click ICON HERE
You can link all maps

HERE
2
3
Highlight the number
HERE
08030884933
To show the name of the loaded logfile ……..
Click View Toolbar 1
2 3
Select Technology
Click ICON
displayed onHERE
map
4
Click Point Detail
Click anywhere on the
logfile displayed on map
5
Logfile name appears
HERE

To view critical events like dropped call , blocked call etc
Expand
Composite
1
2
Expand Advanced
Metric..
4
3 Expand Events,
Expand further
Expand and right click
TEMS_Collector_Events
to send to map
view

TELECOM OPTIMIZATION ADVANCED CLASS
Days Time Topics Break WEEK
Tuesday 9am -1pm -Introduction to Optimization 11:30 am-
-(DCR, CSSR, HOSR, BCR, RxLevel, RxQual etc analysis, EDGE UL 12:00 pm
Throughput, EDGE DL Throughput)(3G RSCP, RSSI, EcIo, R99
throughput, HSUPA UL Throughput and HSDPA Throughput
Wed 9am-1pm Basic Computer Maintenance Skills 4:30 pm-

· Practical GSM Site Survey 5pm
· Preparation of SAF reports
- Preparation of PSSR reports
· Preparation of PND reports
-Fied Site Survey and Reports
Thurs 9am -1pm . Drive Test ( Use of TEMS Investigation) 11:30 am- Week 2
-TEMS Investigation GUI details 12:00 pm
-Production of Cell Ref and Uploading Procedure.
-Making of Road Map and Loading Procedure
-Writing of TEMS Script
-Field Cluster Drive Test Experience.
Friday 2pm-6pm -Field experience on SSV DT

--Details of Benchmarking DT
--
-2G/3G cluster DT
--Logfile Report Generation.
-Exam
Sat 10am-1pm SEMINAR 11:30am-

-About our Company 12pm
-About ICT and Skills
-About our training
-Training

TELECOM OPTIMIZATION professional CLASS
Days Time Topics Break Comment
Tuesday 1pm -5pm -Export of Logfile Information Elements in MapInfo Professional 11:30 am-
-RxLevel, Rx Quality, SQI Analysis in MapInfo Professional 12:00 pm
-Report generation and Critical Event Analysis.
-Site Plotting in MapInfo Professional(SiteSee)
Thurs 2pm-6pm -Practical 2G Logfile Analysis in TEMS Investigation to check 4:30 pm-
-Handover Failures, Blocked Calls and Recommendations 5pm
-Network Integrity- Poor Coverage Analysis- ( Rx Level, Rx Quality)
-Network Accessibility-Blocked calls , Call Setup and Recommendations
-Network Retainabilty -Dropped Calls , Call completion rates
-Swapped Sectors analysis
Week 3
Friday 2pm -6pm Practical 2G Logfile Analysis in TEMS Investigation to check 11:30 am-
-Handover Failures, Blocked Calls and Recommendations 12:00 pm
-Network Integrity- Poor Coverage Analysis- ( Rx Level, Rx Quality)
-Network Accessibility-Blocked calls , Call Setup and Recommendations
-Network Retainabilty -Dropped Calls , Call completion rates
-Swapped Sectors analysis
Sat 2pm-6pm -Use of TEMS Discover 2G/3G

-RSCP Plots, EcIo Plots, PSC Plots, RX Level Plots, Rx Qual Plots, Serving
-Detailed Logfile Analysis
Sat 10am-1pm SEMINAR 11:30am-
-About our Company 12pm
-About ICT and Skills
-About our training
-Training

LTE
LTE Features
LTE Technologies
LTE Architecture
LTE Frequency
LTE Parameters

LTE Features
IP Based
Higher throughput
Broader Bandwidth
Multimedia support

LTE Technologies COME IN
COME IN
OFDMA
Adaptive Modulation Codec
SC-FDMA
Voice over LTE. VOLTE COME
MIMO
CSFB
IN

LTE Frequency
The channel bandwidths that have been chosen for LTE are:
L900 L1800 L2600 L700 900MHZ- 890-915 -935-960MHZ
890-895 5MZ, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4,
1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz


LTE Architecture GERAN
UTRAN
EUTRAN

LTE Parameters
PCI
RSRP
RSRQ
SNIR
CENTER FREQ
EARFCN
TAC

Worst Cell

END
©
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ABBANET 2015 92

Training Plan - 2G3G4G

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GSM, WCDMA and LTE Theory

Created by ABBANET www.abbanet.com.ng 1

 Telecommunication is transmission of signals over a

Created by ABBANET www.abbanet.com.ng 2

 Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the

890MHz 915 935 960MHz

F(n) = 890.0 + 0.2n n=ARFCN

Operator Assigned (M1800)Bandwidth (UL) Assigned Bandwidth (M1800) (DL)

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz

Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Created by ABBANET www.abbanet.com.ng 5

OPERATOR MTN GLO ETISALAT AIRTEL

1920 1980 2110 2170MHz

Created by ABBANET www.abbanet.com.ng 6

 From LTE Protocol:

2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz FDD

5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD

Created by ABBANET www.abbanet.com.ng

4 site X 3 cells reuse R

MSISDN-Mobile Subscriber Integrated services Digital Network Number

CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

MCC MNC LAC

Location Area Identification

The LAI is the international code for a location area.

MCC: Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

MCC MNC LAC CI

Cell Global Identification

The CGI is the international code for a Cell.

MCC MNC MSIN

Created by ABBANET www.abbanet.com.ng 15

MCC MNC MSIN

Created by ABBANET www.abbanet.com.ng 16

Both Uplink and Downlink power

Discontinuous Transmission – DTX

Voice Activity Detection – VAD

The mobile phone should

 Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both

 The former is achieved by ensuring “uncorrelated” (i.e. low

Created by ABBANET www.abbanet.com.ng 26

 Classify by working band: UHF, VHF, microwave, etc.

 Classify by radiate pattern: omni, directional

 Classify by structure: line, pane, parabola feed

 Classify by polarization: vertical and horizontal

 Classify by outline: line and pane

 Classify by band: single band, dual band, triband, tetra band

 Convert high frequency current to electromagnetic wave when

horizontal section Vertical section

directional Antenna omni direction

 The direction of electro - vector radiated by antenna. The

È«Ï òÌ ì Ï ß µ¥¼«»¯¶¨ Ï òÌ ì Ï ß Ë«¼«»¯¶¨ Ï òÌ ì Ï ß

vertical polarization vertical polarization dual polarization

V/H +/- 45°

Distortion of signal resulting to reduction of signal

Multipath (long echoes)

• Suitable Site Location.

• Antenna Azimuth, Down tilt and Up tilt.

• Adaptive Channel Allocation.

Loss in signal strength due obstacles or obstructions.

Used to balance uplink and downlink.