Expressions and Interactivity

The cin Object (1 of 4)

◙ Standard input object

◙ Like cout, requires iostream file
◙ Used to read input from keyboard
◙ Information retrieved from cin with >>
◙ Input is stored in one or more variables

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The cin Object (2 of 4)

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 The cin Object (3 of 4)

◙ cin converts data to the type that matches the variable:

int height;
cout << "How tall is the room? ";
cin >> height;

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 Displaying a Prompt
◙ A prompt is a message that instructs the user to enter data.
◙ You should always use cout to display a prompt before each cin
statement.
cout << "How tall is the room? ";
cin >> height;

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 The cin Object (4 of 4)

◙ Can be used to input more than one value:

cin >> height >> width;
◙ Multiple values from keyboard must be separated by spaces
◙ Order is important: first value entered goes to first variable, etc.

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Using cin To Read Multiple Values

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Using cin To Read Values of Different Data Types

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 Mathematical Expressions
◙ Can create complex expressions using multiple mathematical
operators
◙ An expression can be a literal, a variable, or a mathematical
combination of constants and variables
◙ Can be used in assignment, cout, other statements:
area = 2 * PI * radius;
cout << "border is: " << 2*(l+w);

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 Order of Operations (1 of 2)

◙ In an expression with more than one operator, operatros are evaluated

in the following order:
− (unary negation), in order, left to right
* / % in order, left to right
+ - in order, left to right

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Order of Operations (2 of 2)

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 Associativity of Operators
− (unary negation) associates right to left
*, /, %, +, -associate right to left
parentheses ( ) can be used to override the order of operations:
2  2  2 – 2 4
2  2  2 – 2  6
2  2  ( 2 – 2)  2
 2  2   ( 2 – 2)  0

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Grouping with Parentheses

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 Algebraic Expressions (1 of 2)

◙ Multiplication requires an operator:

Area=lw is written as Area = l * w;
◙ There is no exponentiation operator:
Area = s 2 is written as Area = pow s, 2  ;
◙ Parentheses may be needed to maintain order of operations:
y 2  y1
m is written as
x 2  x1
m  y2  y1 /  x2  x1 ;

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Algebraic Expressions (2 of 2)

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 When You Mix Apples with Oranges:
Type Conversion
◙ Operations are performed between operands of the same type.
◙ If not of the same type, C++ will convert one to be the type of the other
◙ This can impact the results of calculations.

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 Hierarchy of Types
Highest:
long double
double
float
unsigned long
long
unsigned int
int
Lowest:
Ranked by largest number they can hold

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 Type Coercion
◙ Type Coercion: automatic conversion of an operand to another data type
◙ Promotion: convert to a higher type
◙ Demotion: convert to a lower type

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 Coercion Rules
1) char, short, unsigned short automatically promoted to int
2) When operating on values of different data types, the lower one is
promoted to the type of the higher one.
3) When using the = operator, the type of expression on right will be
converted to type of variable on left

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 Overflow and Underflow
◙ Occurs when assigning a value that is too large (overflow) or too small
(underflow) to be held in a variable
◙ Variable contains value that is ‘wrapped around’ set of possible values
◙ Different systems may display a warning/error message, stop the
program, or continue execution using the incorrect value

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 Type Casting (1 of 2)

◙ Used for manual data type conversion

◙ Useful for floating point division using ints:
double m;
m = static_cast<double>(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);
◙ Useful to see int value of a char variable:
char ch = 'C';
cout << ch << " is "
<< static_cast<int>(ch);

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Type Casting (2 of 2)

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C-Style and Prestandard Type Cast Expressions
◙ C-Style cast: data type name in ()
cout << ch << " is " << (int)ch;
◙ Prestandard C++ cast: value in ()
cout << ch << " is " << int(ch);
◙ Both are still supported in C++, although static_cast is preferred

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Multiple Assignment and Combined Assignment
◙ The = can be used to assign a value to multiple variables:
x = y = z = 5;
◙ Value of = is the value that is assigned
◙ Associates right to left:

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 Combined Assignment (1 of 2)

◙ Look at the following statement:

sum = sum + 1;
This adds 1 to the variable sum.

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Other Similar Statements

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 Combined Assignment (2 of 2)
◙ The combined assignment operators provide a shorthand for these
types of statements.
◙ The statement
sum = sum + 1;
is equivalent to
sum += 1;

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Combined Assignment Operators

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 Formatting Output
◙ Can control how output displays for numeric, string data:
◘ size
◘ position
◘ number of digits
◙ Requires iomanip header file

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 Stream Manipulators (1 of 3)

◙ Used to control how an output field is displayed

◙ Some affect just the next value displayed:

◘ setw(x): print in a field at least x spaces wide. Use more spaces if field
is not wide enough

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The setw Stream Manipulator (1 of 2)

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The setw Stream Manipulator (2 of 2)

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 Stream Manipulators (2 of 3)

• Some affect values until changed again:

◘ fixed: use decimal notation for floating-point values
◘ setprecision(x): when used with fixed, print floating-point value
using x digits after the decimal. Without fixed, print floating-point value
using x significant digits
◘ showpoint: always print decimal for floating-point values

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More Stream Manipulators (1 of 2)

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More Stream Manipulators (2 of 2)

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Stream Manipulators (3 of 3)

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Working with Characters and string Objects (1 of 3)
◙ Using cin with the >> operator to input strings can cause problems:
◙ It passes over and ignores any leading whitespace characters
(spaces, tabs, or line breaks)
◙ To work around this problem, you can use a C++ function named
getline.

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Using getline in Program 3-19

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Working with Characters and string Objects (2 of 3)
◙ To read a single character:
◘ Use cin:
■ char ch;
■ cout << "Strike any key to continue";
■ cin >> ch;
■ Problem: will skip over blanks, tabs, <CR>
◘ Use cin.get():
■ cin.get(ch);
■ Will read the next character entered, even whitespace

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Using cin.get()

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Working with Characters and string Objects (3 of 3)
◙ Mixing cin >> and cin.get() in the same program can cause input
errors that are hard to detect
◙ To skip over unneeded characters that are still in the keyboard buffer,
use cin.ignore():
// skip next char
cin.ignore();
// skip the next 10 chars or until '\n'
cin.ignore(10, '\n');

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string Member Functions and Operators
◙ To find the length of a string:
string state = "Texas";
int size = state.length();
◙ To concatenate (join) multiple strings:
greeting2 = greeting1 + name1;
greeting1 = greeting1 + name2;
◙ Or using the += combined assignment operator:
greeting1 += name2;

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More Mathematical Library Functions (1 of 2)

◙ Require cmath header file

◙ Take double as input, return a double
◙ Commonly used functions:
sin Sine
cos Cosine
tan Tangent
sqrt Square root
log Natural (e) log
abs Absolute value (takes and returns an int)

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More Mathematical Library Functions (2 of 2)

• These require cstdlib header file

• rand(): returns a random number (int) between 0 and the largest int
the compute holds. Yields same sequence of numbers each time
program is run.
• srand(x): initializes random number generator with unsigned int
x

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 Random Numbers
◙ Random numbers are useful in many applications, such as
Games and simulations
Statistical analysis
Data encryption

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 Generating Random Numbers
(1 of 5)

◙ Use this #include statement:

#include <random>
◙ Create the following objects:
◘ A random number engine to generate a random sequence of bits
◘ A distribution object to format the bits into numbers of a specific data type, within
a specified range

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 Generating Random Numbers
(2 of 5)

◙ Example: Generate a random integer in the range 0-100:

random_device myEngine;
uniform_int_distribution<int> randomInt(0, 100);
int number = randomInt(myEngine);

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 Generating Random Numbers
(3 of 5)
◙ Example: Generate a random integer in the range 0-100:

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 Generating Random Numbers
(4 of 5)

◙ Example: Generate a random integer in the range 0-100:

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 Generating Random Numbers
(5 of 5)

◙ Example: Generate a random integer in the range 0-100:

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Simulating Dice (1 of 2)

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Simulating Dice (2 of 2)

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 Hand Tracing a Program
◙ Hand trace a program: act as if you are the computer, executing a
program:
◘ step through and ‘execute’ each statement, one-by-one
◘ record the contents of variables after statement execution, using a hand
trace chart (table)
◙ Useful to locate logic or mathematical errors

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Program 3-26 with Hand Trace Chart

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 A Case Study
◙ General Crates, Inc. builds custom-designed wooden crates.
◙ You have been asked to write a program that calculates the:
◘ Volume (in cubic feet)
◘ Cost
◘ Customer price
◘ Profit of any crate GCI builds

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Variables

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 Program Design
The program must perform the following general steps:

Step 1:
Ask the user to enter the dimensions of the crate
Step 2:
Calculate:
the crate’s volume
the cost of building the crate
the customer’s charge
the profit made
Step 3:
Display the data calculated in Step 2.
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General Hierarchy Chart

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Get Crate Dimensions

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Calculate Volume, Cost, Customer Charge,
and Profit

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Display Calculated Data

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 Psuedocode
Ask the user to input the crate's length.
Ask the user to input the crate's width.
Ask the user to input the crate's height.
Calculate the crate's volume.
Calculate the cost of building the crate.
Calculate the customer's charge for the crate.
Calculate the profit made from the crate.
Display the crate's volume.
Display the cost of building the crate.
Display the customer's charge for the crate.
Display the profit made from the crate.

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 Calculations
The following formulas will be used to calculate the crate’s volume,
cost, charge, and profit:
volume  length width height

cost  volume 0.23

charge  volume 0.5

profit  charge  cost

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The Program (1 of 3)

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The Program (2 of 3)

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The Program (3 of 3)

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