Apache Pig

Based on slides from Adam Shook

Hadoop Framework Tools
What Is Pig?

• Developed by Yahoo! and a top level Apache project

• Immediately makes data on a cluster available to non-Java programmers via Pig Latin
– a dataflow language
• Interprets Pig Latin and generates MapReduce jobs that run on the cluster
• Enables easy data summarization, ad-hoc reporting and querying, and analysis of
large volumes of data
• Pig interpreter runs on a client machine – no administrative overhead required
Pig Terms

• All data in Pig one of four types:

• An Atom is a simple data value - stored as a string but can be used as either a string or a number
• A Tuple is a data record consisting of a sequence of "fields"
• Each field is a piece of data of any type (atom, tuple or bag)
• A Bag is a set of tuples (also referred to as a ‘Relation’)
• The concept of a “kind of a” table
• A Map is a map from keys that are string literals to values that can be any data type
• The concept of a hash map
Pig Capabilities

• Support for
• Grouping
• Joins
• Filtering
• Aggregation
• Extensibility
• Support for User Defined Functions (UDF’s)
• Leverages the same massive parallelism as native MapReduce
Pig Basics

• Pig is a client application

• No cluster software is required
• Interprets Pig Latin scripts to MapReduce jobs
• Parses Pig Latin scripts
• Performs optimization
• Creates execution plan
• Submits MapReduce jobs to the cluster
Execution Modes

• Pig has two execution modes

• Local Mode - all files are installed and run using your local host and file system
• MapReduce Mode - all files are installed and run on a Hadoop cluster and HDFS installation
• Interactive
• By using the Grunt shell by invoking Pig on the command line
$ pig
grunt>
• Batch
• Run Pig in batch mode using Pig Scripts and the "pig" command
$ pig –f id.pig –p <param>=<value> ...
Pig Latin

• Pig Latin scripts are generally organized as follows

• A LOAD statement reads data
• A series of “transformation” statements process the data
• A STORE statement writes the output to the filesystem
• A DUMP statement displays output on the screen
• Logical vs. physical plans:
• All statements are stored and validated as a logical plan
• Once a STORE or DUMP statement is found the logical plan is executed
Example Pig Script
-- Load the content of a file into a pig bag named ‘input_lines’
input_lines = LOAD 'CHANGES.txt' AS (line:chararray);

-- Extract words from each line and put them into a pig bag named ‘words’
words = FOREACH input_lines GENERATE FLATTEN(TOKENIZE(line)) AS word;

-- filter out any words that are just white spaces

filtered_words = FILTER words BY word MATCHES '\\w+';

-- create a group for each word

word_groups = GROUP filtered_words BY word;

-- count the entries in each group

word_count = FOREACH word_groups GENERATE COUNT(filtered_words) AS count, group AS
word;

-- order the records by count

ordered_word_count = ORDER word_count BY count DESC;

-- Store the results ( executes the pig script )

STORE ordered_word_count INTO 'output’;
Basic “grunt” Shell Commands

• Help is available
$ pig -h
• Pig supports HDFS commands
grunt> pwd
• put, get, cp, ls, mkdir, rm, mv, etc.
About Pig Scripts

• Pig Latin statements grouped together in a file

• Can be run from the command line or the shell
• Support parameter passing
• Comments are supported
• Inline comments '--'
• Block comments /* */
Simple Data Types
Type Description
int 4-byte integer
long 8-byte integer
float 4-byte (single precision) floating point
double 8-byte (double precision) floating point
bytearray Array of bytes; blob
chararray String (“hello world”)
boolean True/False (case insensitive)
datetime A date and time
biginteger Java BigInteger
bigdecimal Java BigDecimal
Complex Data Types

Type Description
Tuple Ordered set of fields (a “row / record”)
Bag Collection of tuples (a “resultset / table”)
Map A set of key-value pairs
Keys must be of type chararray
Pig Data Formats

• BinStorage
• Loads and stores data in machine-readable (binary) format
• PigStorage
• Loads and stores data as structured, field delimited text files
• TextLoader
• Loads unstructured data in UTF-8 format
• PigDump
• Stores data in UTF-8 format
• YourOwnFormat!
• via UDFs
Loading Data Into Pig

• Loads data from an HDFS file

var = LOAD 'employees.txt';
var = LOAD 'employees.txt' AS (id, name, salary);
var = LOAD 'employees.txt' using PigStorage()
AS (id, name, salary);
• Each LOAD statement defines a new bag
• Each bag can have multiple elements (atoms)
• Each element can be referenced by name or position ($n)
• A bag is immutable
• A bag can be aliased and referenced later
Input And Output

• STORE
• Writes output to an HDFS file in a specified directory
grunt> STORE processed INTO 'processed_txt';
• Fails if directory exists
• Writes output files, part-[m|r]-xxxxx, to the directory
• PigStorage can be used to specify a field delimiter
• DUMP
• Write output to screen
grunt> DUMP processed;
Relational Operators

• FOREACH
• Applies expressions to every record in a bag
• FILTER
• Filters by expression
• GROUP
• Collect records with the same key
• ORDER BY
• Sorting
• DISTINCT
• Removes duplicates
FOREACH . . .GENERATE

• Use the FOREACH …GENERATE operator to work with rows of data, call functions,
etc.
• Basic syntax:
alias2 = FOREACH alias1 GENERATE
expression;
• Example:
DUMP alias1;
(1,2,3) (4,2,1) (8,3,4) (4,3,3) (7,2,5) (8,4,3)
alias2 = FOREACH alias1 GENERATE col1, col2;
DUMP alias2;
(1,2) (4,2) (8,3) (4,3) (7,2) (8,4)
FILTER. . .BY

• Use the FILTER operator to restrict tuples or rows of data

• Basic syntax:
alias2 = FILTER alias1 BY expression;
• Example:
DUMP alias1;
(1,2,3) (4,2,1) (8,3,4) (4,3,3) (7,2,5) (8,4,3)
alias2 = FILTER alias1 BY (col1 == 8) OR (NOT
(col2+col3 > col1));
DUMP alias2;
(4,2,1) (8,3,4) (7,2,5) (8,4,3)
GROUP. . .ALL

• Use the GROUP…ALL operator to group data

• Use GROUP when only one relation is involved
• Use COGROUP with multiple relations are involved
• Basic syntax:
alias2 = GROUP alias1 ALL;
• Example:
DUMP alias1;
(John,18,4.0F) (Mary,19,3.8F)
(Bill,20,3.9F) (Joe,18,3.8F)
alias2 = GROUP alias1 BY col2;
DUMP alias2;
(18,{(John,18,4.0F),(Joe,18,3.8F)})
(19,{(Mary,19,3.8F)})
(20,{(Bill,20,3.9F)})
ORDER. . .BY

• Use the ORDER…BY operator to sort a relation based on one or more fields
• Basic syntax:
alias = ORDER alias BY field_alias [ASC|DESC];
• Example:
DUMP alias1;
(1,2,3) (4,2,1) (8,3,4) (4,3,3) (7,2,5) (8,4,3)
alias2 = ORDER alias1 BY col3 DESC;
DUMP alias2;
(7,2,5) (8,3,4) (1,2,3) (4,3,3) (8,4,3) (4,2,1)
DISTINCT. . .

• Use the DISTINCT operator to remove duplicate tuples in a relation.

• Basic syntax:
alias2 = DISTINCT alias1;
• Example:
DUMP alias1;
(8,3,4) (1,2,3) (4,3,3) (4,3,3) (1,2,3)
alias2= DISTINCT alias1;
DUMP alias2;
(8,3,4) (1,2,3) (4,3,3)
Relational Operators

• FLATTEN
• Used to un-nest tuples as well as bags
• INNER JOIN
• Used to perform an inner join of two or more relations based on common field values
• OUTER JOIN
• Used to perform left, right or full outer joins
• SPLIT
• Used to partition the contents of a relation into two or more relations
• SAMPLE
• Used to select a random data sample with the stated sample size
INNER JOIN. . .

• Use the JOIN operator to perform an inner, equi-join join of two or more relations
based on common field values
• The JOIN operator always performs an inner join
• Inner joins ignore null keys
• Filter null keys before the join
• JOIN and COGROUP operators perform similar functions
• JOIN creates a flat set of output records
• COGROUP creates a nested set of output records
INNER JOIN Example

DUMP Alias1; Join Alias1 by Col1 to

(1,2,3) Alias2 by Col1
(4,2,1) Alias3 = JOIN Alias1
(8,3,4) BY Col1, Alias2 BY
(4,3,3) Col1;
(7,2,5)
(8,4,3)
Dump Alias3;
DUMP Alias2;
(1,2,3,1,3)
(2,4)
(8,9)
(4,2,1,4,6)
(1,3) (4,3,3,4,6)
(2,7) (4,2,1,4,9)
(2,9) (4,3,3,4,9)
(4,6) (8,3,4,8,9)
(4,9) (8,4,3,8,9)
OUTER JOIN. . .

• Use the OUTER JOIN operator to perform left, right, or full outer joins
• Pig Latin syntax closely adheres to the SQL standard
• The keyword OUTER is optional
• keywords LEFT, RIGHT and FULL will imply left outer, right outer and full outer joins respectively
• Outer joins will only work provided the relations which need to produce nulls (in the
case of non-matching keys) have schemas
• Outer joins will only work for two-way joins
• To perform a multi-way outer join perform multiple two-way outer join statements
User-Defined Functions

• Natively written in Java, packaged as a jar file

• Other languages include Jython, JavaScript, Ruby, Groovy, and Python
• Register the jar with the REGISTER statement
• Optionally, alias it with the DEFINE statement

REGISTER /src/myfunc.jar;
A = LOAD 'students';
B = FOREACH A GENERATE myfunc.MyEvalFunc($0);
DEFINE

• DEFINE can be used to work with UDFs and also streaming commands
• Useful when dealing with complex input/output formats
/* read and write comma-delimited data */
DEFINE Y 'stream.pl' INPUT(stdin USING PigStreaming(','))
OUTPUT(stdout USING PigStreaming(','));
A = STREAM X THROUGH Y;

/* Define UDFs to a more readable format */

DEFINE MAXNUM org.apache.pig.piggybank.evaluation.math.MAX;
A = LOAD ‘student_data’ AS (name:chararray, gpa1:float,
gpa2:double);
B = FOREACH A GENERATE name, MAXNUM(gpa1, gpa2);
DUMP B;
References

• http://pig.apache.org
Apache Hive

Based on Slides by Adam Shook

What Is Hive?

• Developed by Facebook and a top-level Apache project

• A data warehousing infrastructure based on Hadoop
• Immediately makes data on a cluster available to non-Java programmers via SQL like
queries
• Built on HiveQL (HQL), a SQL-like query language
• Interprets HiveQL and generates MapReduce jobs that run on the cluster
• Enables easy data summarization, ad-hoc reporting and querying, and analysis of
large volumes of data
What Hive Is Not

• Hive, like Hadoop, is designed for batch processing of large datasets

• Not an OLTP or real-time system
• Latency and throughput are both high compared to a traditional RDBMS
• Even when dealing with relatively small data ( <100 MB )
Data Hierarchy

• Hive is organised hierarchically into:

• Databases: namespaces that separate tables and other objects
• Tables: homogeneous units of data with the same schema
• Analogous to tables in an RDBMS
• Partitions: determine how the data is stored
• Allow efficient access to subsets of the data
• Buckets/clusters
• For sub-sampling within a partition
• Join optimization
HiveQL

• HiveQL / HQL provides the basic SQL-like operations:

• Select columns using SELECT
• Filter rows using WHERE
• JOIN between tables
• Evaluate aggregates using GROUP BY
• Store query results into another table
• Download results to a local directory (i.e., export from HDFS)
• Manage tables and queries with CREATE, DROP, and ALTER
Primitive Data Types
Type Comments
TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT 1, 2, 4 and 8-byte integers
BOOLEAN TRUE/FALSE
FLOAT, DOUBLE Single and double precision real numbers
STRING Character string
TIMESTAMP Unix-epoch offset or datetime string
DECIMAL Arbitrary-precision decimal
BINARY Opaque; ignore these bytes
Complex Data Types
Type Comments
STRUCT A collection of elements
If S is of type STRUCT {a INT, b INT}:
S.a returns element a
MAP Key-value tuple
If M is a map from 'group' to GID:
M['group'] returns value of GID
ARRAY Indexed list
If A is an array of elements ['a','b','c']:
A[0] returns 'a'
HiveQL Limitations

• HQL only supports equi-joins, outer joins, left semi-joins

• Because it is only a shell for Map-Reduce, complex queries can be hard to optimise
• Missing large parts of full SQL specification:
• HAVING clause in SELECT
• Correlated sub-queries
• Sub-queries outside FROM clauses
• Updatable or materialized views
• Stored procedures
Hive Metastore

• Stores Hive metadata

• Default metastore database uses Apache Derby
• Various configurations:
• Embedded (in-process metastore, in-process database)
• Mainly for unit tests
• Local (in-process metastore, out-of-process database)
• Each Hive client connects to the metastore directly
• Remote (out-of-process metastore, out-of-process database)
• Each Hive client connects to a metastore server, which connects to the metadata database itself
Hive Warehouse

• Hive tables are stored in the Hive “warehouse”

• Default HDFS location: /user/hive/warehouse
• Tables are stored as sub-directories in the warehouse directory
• Partitions are subdirectories of tables
• External tables are supported in Hive
• The actual data is stored in flat files
Hive Schemas

• Hive is schema-on-read
• Schema is only enforced when the data is read (at query time)
• Allows greater flexibility: same data can be read using multiple schemas
• Contrast with an RDBMS, which is schema-on-write
• Schema is enforced when the data is loaded
• Speeds up queries at the expense of load times
Create Table Syntax

CREATE TABLE table_name

(col1 data_type,
col2 data_type,
col3 data_type,
col4 datatype )
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
STORED AS format_type;
Simple Table

CREATE TABLE page_view

(viewTime INT,
userid BIGINT,
page_url STRING,
referrer_url STRING,
ip STRING COMMENT 'IP Address of the User' )
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;
More Complex Table

CREATE TABLE employees (

(name STRING,
salary FLOAT,
subordinates ARRAY<STRING>,
deductions MAP<STRING, FLOAT>,
address STRUCT<street:STRING,
city:STRING,
state:STRING,
zip:INT>)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;
External Table

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE page_view_stg

(viewTime INT,
userid BIGINT,
page_url STRING,
referrer_url STRING,
ip STRING COMMENT 'IP Address of the User')
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'
STORED AS TEXTFILE
LOCATION '/user/staging/page_view';
More About Tables

• CREATE TABLE
• LOAD: file moved into Hive’s data warehouse directory
• DROP: both metadata and data deleted
• CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
• LOAD: no files moved
• DROP: only metadata deleted
• Use this when sharing with other Hadoop applications, or when you want to use multiple
schemas on the same data
Partitioning

• Can make some queries faster

• Divide data based on partition column
• Use PARTITION BY clause when creating table
• Use PARTITION clause when loading data
• SHOW PARTITIONS will show a table’s partitions
Bucketing

• Can speed up queries that involve sampling the data

• Sampling works without bucketing, but Hive has to scan the entire dataset
• Use CLUSTERED BY when creating table
• For sorted buckets, add SORTED BY
• To query a sample of your data, use TABLESAMPLE
Browsing Tables And Partitions
Command Comments
SHOW TABLES; Show all the tables in the database
SHOW TABLES 'page.*'; Show tables matching the
specification ( uses regex syntax )
SHOW PARTITIONS page_view; Show the partitions of the page_view
table
DESCRIBE page_view; List columns of the table
DESCRIBE EXTENDED page_view; More information on columns (useful
only for debugging )
DESCRIBE page_view List information about a partition
PARTITION (ds='2008-10-31');
Loading Data

• Use LOAD DATA to load data from a file or directory

• Will read from HDFS unless LOCAL keyword is specified
• Will append data unless OVERWRITE specified
• PARTITION required if destination table is partitioned

LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH '/tmp/pv_2008-06-

8_us.txt'
OVERWRITE INTO TABLE page_view
PARTITION (date='2008-06-08', country='US')
Inserting Data

• Use INSERT to load data from a Hive query

• Will append data unless OVERWRITE specified
• PARTITION required if destination table is partitioned

FROM page_view_stg pvs

INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE page_view
PARTITION (dt='2008-06-08', country='US')
SELECT pvs.viewTime, pvs.userid,
pvs.page_url, pvs.referrer_url
WHERE pvs.country = 'US';
Loading And Inserting Data: Summary

Use this For this purpose

LOAD Load data from a file or directory
INSERT Load data from a query
• One partition at a time
• Use multiple INSERTs to insert into
multiple partitions in the one query
CREATE TABLE AS (CTAS) Insert data while creating a table
Add/modify external file Load new data into external table
Sample Select Clauses

• Select from a single table

SELECT *
FROM sales
WHERE amount > 10 AND
region = "US";
• Select from a partitioned table

SELECT page_views.*
FROM page_views
WHERE page_views.date >= '2008-03-01' AND
page_views.date <= '2008-03-31'
Relational Operators

• ALL and DISTINCT

• Specify whether duplicate rows should be returned
• ALL is the default (all matching rows are returned)
• DISTINCT removes duplicate rows from the result set
• WHERE
• Filters by expression
• Does not support IN, EXISTS or sub-queries in the WHERE clause
• LIMIT
• Indicates the number of rows to be returned
Relational Operators

• GROUP BY
• Group data by column values
• Select statement can only include columns included in the
GROUP BY clause
• ORDER BY / SORT BY
• ORDER BY performs total ordering
• Slow, poor performance
• SORT BY performs partial ordering
• Sorts output from each reducer
Advanced Hive Operations

• JOIN
• If only one column in each table is used in the join, then only one MapReduce job will run
• This results in 1 MapReduce job:
SELECT * FROM a JOIN b ON a.key = b.key JOIN c ON b.key
= c.key

• This results in 2 MapReduce jobs:

SELECT * FROM a JOIN b ON a.key = b.key JOIN c ON b.key2
= c.key

• If multiple tables are joined, put the biggest table last and the reducer will stream the last table,
buffer the others
• Use left semi-joins to take the place of IN/EXISTS
SELECT a.key, a.val FROM a LEFT SEMI JOIN b on a.key
= b.key;
Advanced Hive Operations

• JOIN
• Do not specify join conditions in the WHERE clause
• Hive does not know how to optimise such queries
• Will compute a full Cartesian product before filtering it
• Join Example

SELECT
a.ymd, a.price_close, b.price_close
FROM stocks a
JOIN stocks b ON a.ymd = b.ymd
WHERE a.symbol = 'AAPL' AND
b.symbol = 'IBM' AND
a.ymd > '2010-01-01';
Hive Stinger

• MPP-style execution of Hive queries

• Available since Hive 0.13
• No MapReduce
• We will talk about this more when we get to SQL on Hadoop
References

• http://hive.apache.org