1 CSE 423: VIRTUALIZATION & CLOUD COMPUTING

04/07/2024
UNIT – I, PART - C
OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
Dr. Prakash Singh Tanwar

Preferred Text Book

 Cloud Computing Bible: Barrie Sosinky – 1st Edition, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
 Cloud Computing: Fundamentals, Industry Approach & Trends by Rishabh Sharma, Wiley
 Cloud Computing: Principles & Paradigms by Raj Kumar Buyya, James Broberg, Andrzej
Goscinski, Wiley
2 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
CONTENT
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

 Parallel and Distributed Systems

 Parallel Computing

 Parallel Computer Architecture

 Distributed Systems

 Differences & Similarities

3 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
INTRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
 It is a collection of independent entities that cooperate to solve a problem that cannot be
individually solved.
 It’s been in existence since the start of the universe.
 For computing systems, a distributed system has been characterized as follows:
 A collection of computers that do not share common memory or a common physical
clock, that communicate by message passing over a communication network. Each computer
has its own memory and runs its own operating system
 A collection of independent computers that appear to the users of the system as a single
coherent computer.
 A term that describes a wide range of computers, from weakly coupled systems such as wide
area networks, to strongly coupled systems such as local area networks to very strongly
coupled systems such as multiprocessor systems.
Distributed OS

• Loosely coupled Systems

• More than one processors are not in close communication,
• They are not sharing the clock and the memory.
• Each processor has its own local memory.
• The Processors communicate with each other by high speed buses or
telephone lines.

By:Dr. P.S.Tanwar
Distributed OS

• Loosely coupled Systems

• Processors may vary in size and function.
• They may include microprocessor, workstations, minicomputers and
large general purpose computers.
• These processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers etc.

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Distributed OS

Node3
Node1

Network

Node2
Node4

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Distributed OS

• Functions
• Resource Sharing
• Computation Speedup
• Reliability
• Communication

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8 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
INTRODUCTION
FEATURES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
 No Common Physical Clock
 It is am important assumption as it introduces the element of “distribution” in the system and
gives rise to the inherent asynchrony amongst the processors.
 No Shared Memory
 A key feature that requires message passing for communication.
 This feature implies the absence of the common physical clock
 Geographical Separation:
 Geographically the wider apart the processors are, the more representative the system of the
distributed system.
 It is not necessary for the processors to be on a wide area network .
 Autonomy and Heterogeneity: The processors are “loosely coupled”. They have different speeds
and each can be running on a different operating system. They are not part of dedicated systems, but
cooperate with one another by offering services or solving a problem jointly.
9 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
RELATION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENT
The distributed system is presented as:

 Each computer has a memory processing  It shows the relationship of the software
unit and the computers are connected by a components that run on each of the computers and
communication network. use the local operating system and network
protocol stack for functioning.
 The distributed software is also termed as “middleware”
 A distributed execution is the execution of the process across the distributed system to collaboratively
achieve a common goal.
 An execution is also termed as a “computation” or “run”
Middleware
• Middleware is an intermediate layer of software that sits between the
application and the network. It is used in distributed systems to provide
common services, such as authentication, authorization, compilation for
best performance on particular architectures, input/output translation, and
error handling.
• Middleware offers a number of advantages to distributed systems.
Middleware can be modularized from the application so it has better
potential for reuse with other applications running on different platforms.
• Application developers can design Middleware so it’s sufficiently high-
level that it becomes independent of specific hardware environments or
operating system platforms which simplifies porting applications
developed on one type of platform onto another without rewriting code or
without resorting to inefficient and expensive binary compatibility toolsets
such as cross-compilers.
1 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
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RELATION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENT
The distributed system is presented as:

 The distributed system uses the layered architecture

to break down the complexity of system design.
 The middleware is the distributed software that
drives the distributed system. It provides the
transparency of heterogeneity at the platform level

 It is assumed that the middleware layer does not

contain the traditional application layer
functions of the network protocol stack such as
HTTP, MAIL, FTP and TELNET

 Various primitives and calls to functions defined in various libraries of the middleware layer are
embedded in the user program code
Parallel Systems

• Tightly coupled Systems

• More than one processors are in close communication, sharing the
computer bus,the clock and sometimes the memory and peripheral
devices.
• n Processors
• Speed increases but less than n times
• If one processor fails it will not halt the system

By:Dr. P.S.Tanwar
Parallel Systems

• Types of Parallel System

• Symmetric multiprocessing OS
• Assymmetric multiprocessing OS

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Symmetric Multiprocessing Systems

• Each processor runs an identical copy of the OS and

these copies communicate with one another as
needed.
• Ex Sun OS ver. 5(Solaris 2)

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Assymmetric Multiprocessing Systems

• Each processor is assigned a specific task.

• A master processor controls the system.
• Master processor schedules and allocate work to the slave
processors.
• Ex Sun OS ver. 4

By:Dr. P.S.Tanwar
1 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
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PARALLEL COMPUTING
INTRODUCTION
 It is the use of multiple processing elements
simultaneously for solving any problem.
 Problems are broken down into instructions and are solved
concurrently as each resource that has been applied to work
is working at the same time.
Advantages (over Serial Computing)
 It saves time and money as many resources working
together will reduce the time and cut potential costs.
 It can be impractical to solve larger problems on Serial
Computing.
 It can take advantage of non-local resources when the local
resources are finite.
 Serial Computing ‘wastes’ the potential computing power,
thus Parallel Computing makes better work of the hardware.
1 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
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PARALLEL COMPUTING
TYPES OF PARALLELISM
Bit Level Parallelism
 It is the parallel computing form based on the increasing processor’s size.
 It reduces the number of instructions that the system must execute in
order to perform a task on large-sized data.

Instruction Level Parallelism

 A processor can only address less than one instruction for each
clock cycle phase.
 These instructions can be re-ordered and grouped which are later
on executed concurrently without affecting the result of the
program.
 This is called instruction-level parallelism.

Task Parallelism
 It employs the decomposition of a task into subtasks and then allocates each of the subtasks for
execution.
 The processors perform the execution of sub-tasks concurrently.
1 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
8
PARALLEL COMPUTING
TYPES OF PARALLELISM
Data Level Parallelism
 Instructions from a single stream operate concurrently on
several data – Limited by non-regular data manipulation
patterns and by memory bandwidth
WHY PARALLEL COMPUTING?
 Real-world data needs more dynamic simulation and modeling, and for achieving the same, parallel
computing is the key.
 Parallel computing provides concurrency and saves time and money.
 Complex, large datasets, and their management can be organized only and only using parallel
computing’s approach
 Ensures the effective utilization of the resources
APPLICATIONS
 Databases and Data mining.
 Real-time simulation of systems
 Advanced graphics, augmented reality, and virtual reality.
19 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
PARALLEL COMPUTING
LIMITATIONS OF PARALLEL COMPUTING
 It addresses such as communication and synchronization between multiple sub-tasks and processes
which is difficult to achieve.
 The algorithms must be managed in such a way that they can be handled in a parallel mechanism.
 The algorithms or programs must have low coupling and high cohesion. But it’s difficult to create
such programs.
 More technically skilled and expert programmers can code a parallelism-based program well.
20 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
PARALLEL COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE
Parallel Architecture Types:
The parallel computer architecture is classified based on the following:
 Multiprocessors
 Multi Computers
Models based on Shared Memory Multi Computers:
1. Uniform Memory Access (UMA)
 all the processors share the physical memory uniformly.
 All the processors have equal access time to all the memory words.
 Each processor may have a private cache memory.
 Same rule is followed for peripheral devices.
 When all the processors have equal access to all the peripheral devices, the system is called
a symmetric multiprocessor.
 When only one or a few processors can access the peripheral devices, the system is called
an asymmetric multiprocessor.
21 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
PARALLEL COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE
Parallel Architecture Types:
1. Uniform Memory Access (UMA)
 When all the processors have equal access to all the peripheral devices, the system is called
a symmetric multiprocessor.
 When only one or a few processors can access the peripheral devices, the system is called
an asymmetric multiprocessor.
22 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
PARALLEL COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE
Parallel Architecture Types:
2. Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA)
 In the NUMA multiprocessor model, the access time varies with the location of the memory word.
 In this, the shared memory is physically distributed among all the processors, called local
memories.
 The collection of all local memories forms a global address space that can be accessed by all the
processors.
23 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM TYPES
Distributed System Types
 The nodes in the distributed system can be arranged in the form of client/server or peer-to-peer
systems.
Client/Server Model
 In this the client request the resources and the server provides the resources.
 A server may serve multiple clients at the same time while a client is in contact with only one server
 The client and the server communicate with each other via computer networks.
Peer-to-Peer Model
 They contain nodes that are equal participants in data sharing.
 All the tasks are equally divided between all the nodes.
 The nodes interact with each other as required and share the resources.
24 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM – ADVANTAGES/DIS. ADV.
Advantages of Distributed System
 All the nodes in the distributed system are connected to each other. So nodes can share data with
other nodes
 More nodes are easily be added to the distributed system i.e. it can scale as required
 Failure of one node does not lead to the failure of an entire distributed system. Other nodes can still
communicate with each other.
 Resources like printers can be shared with multiple nodes rather than been restricted to just one
Disadvantages of Distributed System
 It is difficult to provide adequate security in distributed systems because the nodes as well the
connection need to be secured
 Some messages and data can be lost in the network while traveling from one node to another
 The database connected to the distributed system is quite complicated and difficult to handle as
compared to a single user system
 Overloading may occur in the network if all the nodes try to send data at once.
25 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING MODELS
The Models are:
 Virtualization
 Service-oriented Architecture (SOA)
 Grid Computing
 Utility Computing
Virtualization
 It is a technique that allows sharing
single physical instance of an
application or resource among
multiple organization or tenants
26 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING MODELS
Service-Oriented Architecture
 It helps to use the application as a service for other applications regardless of the type of vendor,
product, or technology
 It is possible to exchange the data between applications of different vendors without additional
programming or making changes to service.
27 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING MODELS
Grid Computing
 It refers to distributed computing, in which a group of computers from multiple locations are
connected with each other to achieve a common objective. These computer resources are
heterogeneous and graphically distributed.
 It breaks complex tasks into smaller pieces, which are distributed to CPUs that reside within the grid.

Utility Computing
 It is based on a pay-per-use model.
 It offers computational resources on-
demand as a metered service.
 Cloud computing, Grid computing and
managed IT services are based on the
concept of utility computing.
28 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
COMPARISION OF PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
Parallel Computing
 In parallel computing multiple processors perform multiple tasks assigned to them simultaneously
 Memory in a Parallel system can either be shared or distributed.
 Parallel Computing Provides concurrency and saves time and money.
Distributed Computing
 In this, multiple autonomous computers will be working and it seems to the user as a single
system.
 In this there is no shared memory and computers communicate with each other through message
passing.
 In this computing, a single task is divided among different computers.
29 PART -II: PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
COMPARISION OF PARALLEL & DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
Parameter Parallel Computing Distributed Computing
Distributed computing is a computation
Parallel computing is a computation
Parallel vs. type in which multiple computers execute
type in which multiple processors
Distributed common tasks while communicating with
execute multiple tasks simultaneously
each other using message passing

No. of
Parallel computing occurs on one Distributed computing occurs between
Computers
computer. multiple computers.
Required
Processing In parallel computing multiple In distributed computing, computers rely on
Mechanism processors perform processing. message passing.
There is no global clock in distributed
Synchronizati All processors share a single master
computing, it uses synchronization
on clock for synchronization
algorithms.

In Parallel Computing, computers can

In Distributed computing, each computer
Memory have shared memory or distributed
has their own memory
memory

Parallel computing is used to increase

Distributed computing is used to share
Usage performance and for scientific
resources and to increase scalability.
computing