Lecture 1

TELECOMMTELECOMMUNICATION
SUNICATIONS
EE310
INTRODUCTION
Telecommunication is the transfer of information from one point in
space and time called the “information source” to another point in
space and time called the “information sink” using:
I. Electric means
II. Electromagnetic means
III. Optical means
o The information must be equally comprehensible at both ends.

The coding and the method of information transfer over the transport
mechanism is said to be the protocol.
For example, talker is English and listener is French is an example of

protocol incompatibility.
The hardest part of telecommunication design is often the need to

ensure compatibility of the protocol.
This may necessitate provision of interworking devices. This may be

a human interpreter in the case of English/ French
Telecommunication Network
Telecommunication Network – Hardware and software allowing
information exchange.
i.e. a network is a collection of nodes connected by links where:
(i) Physical link is an actual resource that connects the nodes
(ii) Logical link is a general abstraction of the capability of nodes to
communicate.
i.e. there can be many logical links on a physical link(e.g. to carry
user information)
Telecommunication networks are generally classified as:
i. Voice related (telephony, radio – fixed or mobile)
ii. Data networks (digital data)
iii. Multimedia (voice, video and data)
A telecommunication network can further be divided into:
i. Access network – the part interacting with the user end
ii. Core network – responsible for transmission of information
over long distances and routing information from one user to
another.
iii. Peer – to – peer – no distinction between core and access (e.g.
skype where voice traffic is routed through a series of nodes
and no central server.)
POTS and PANS
i. POTS – Plain Old Telephone System
ii. PANS – Pretty Amazing New Services
 Circuit – a pair of channels between two points for both – way

communication.
ELEMENTS OF AN ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Elements of an Electronic Communication System
Information Transmitter Receiver Information

source
user
Transmission
Channel
(Transport
mechanism)
MAIN BUILDING BLOCKS
I. Transmitting device – converts or transforms the message signal
into a form that is suitable for transmission over the channel of
interest.
II. Transport mechanism( channel) – physical medium through which
transformed signal is propagated from Transmitting device to the
Receiving device
III. Receiving device – converts the received signal back to original
message signal.
NOTE - In analogue systems, quality measure is received signal - to -
noise (S/N) ratio and in digital systems it is the bit error rate(BER.)
THE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
Examples of communication channels:
two types –
1. Guided channels
a) Parallel wire
b) Twisted pair
c) Coaxial cable
d) Optical fiber
e) wave guides
2. Unguided channel
free space (wireless)
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
I. Linear and non – linear e.g. the telephone channel is linear and the satellite
channel is usually non – linear.
II. Time – invariant e.g. telephone channel is time – invariant and the mobile
radio channel is time – varying
III. Bandwidth limited and power limited e.g. telephone channel is bandwidth
limited and the satellite channel is power limited.
-The telephone channel can thus be classified as linear, time – invariant,
bandwidth – limited channel.
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
1. The telephone channel
 Speech signals are band limited to the range, 300Hz to 3400Hz.
 Based on subjective tests on male and female voices
 Outside these limits, frequencies have very little contribution to:
a) Articulation (intelligibility)
b) Voice recognition
The optical fiber channel:
 Dielectric wave guide
 Uses light to carry information signals.
 Its most attractive attributes:
a) Very large bandwidth ( theoretically, 2x10 13Hz for an optical carrier at
2x1014Hz)
b) Low transmission losses
c) Immunity to Electromagnetic interference(EMI)
d) Small size, weight, rugged and flexible
3. Mobile Radio Channel
 Systems supported:
a) Commercial broadcasting
b) Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is a combination of wireless communication
services offered by a specific operator in a specific country. A PLMN typically
consists of several cellular technologies like GSM/2G, UMTS/3G, LTE/4G, offered by
a single operator within a given country, often referred to as a cellular network.
c) Two way radio
NOTE:
1. Channel effectively extends the capability of PSTN(Public Switched Telephone
Network) by introducing mobility. The PSTN consists of telephone lines, fiber optic
cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites,
and undersea telephone cables, all interconnected by switching centers, thus allowing
most telephones to communicate with each other.)
2. In built up areas received signal strength varies in a very complicated manner.( linear,
time - varying channel that is statistical in nature)
4. The satellite channel
 Provides broad area coverage to public networks
 Utilizes geostationary satellites in space
 Very reliable communication links
 Covers remote areas with no wired infrastructure
 Wide transmission bandwidths.
NOTE-
Channel is central to the overall operation of the communication
system because its properties determine:
I. The information carrying capacity of system
II. Quality of service offered by the system
CHANNEL CONTAMINATION
Attenuation – reduction in signal strength with distance due to
channel loses.
Distortion – alteration of signal waveform due to imperfect response
of channel to desired signal.
Interference – extraneous signals, usually man-made and of a form
similar to desired signal (e.g. interference of two signals in
broadcasting)
Noise – random, unwanted electrical signals from natural sources
(intrinsic or extrinsic)

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TELECOMMTELECOMMUNICATION

o The information must be equally comprehensible at both ends.

For example, talker is English and listener is French is an example of

The hardest part of telecommunication design is often the need to

This may necessitate provision of interworking devices. This may be

 Circuit – a pair of channels between two points for both – way

Information Transmitter Receiver Information

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