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Wireless Technologies for IoT
1.Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)

2.Cellular (3G/4G/5G)
3.RFID
4.Bluetooth and BLE
5.WI-FI
6.Zigbee
1.Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)
 This is a class of network technologies designed to communicate wirelessly over long distances
using low power.
 The technology provides the wide-area coverage needed for vast granular sensor networks.
 It was created specifically for use in M2M and IoT devices.
 The operating range varies from a few kilometres in urban areas to as much as fifteen kilometres
in rural areas.
 In terms of expenses, they have simplified, lightweight protocols that reduce complexity in
hardware design, hence lowering the device costs.
 Their transceivers can run on small, inexpensive batteries that can last anywhere from 10 to 15
years.
 Standards that define LPWANs include LTE-M and NB-IoT.
 LTE-M is a first generation cellular LPWA technology and thus eliminating the need for multiple
modules and variants.
 NB-IoT increases the capacity to support a massive number of new connections using a portion
of the available spectrum, thus minimizing power consumption.
2.Cellular (3G/4G/5G)
 Cellular networks offer reliable broadband communication supporting various voice calls
and video streaming applications.
 On the downside, they impose very high operational costs and power requirements.
 Cellular next-gen 5G with high-speed mobility support and ultra-low latency is positioned
to be the future of autonomous vehicles and augmented reality.
 5G is also expected to enable real-time video surveillance for public safety, real-time
mobile delivery of medical data sets for connected health, and several time-sensitive
industrial automation applications in the future.
3.RFID
 Radio waves are used to transmit small amounts of data from an RFID tag to a reader
within a short distance.
 These tags reflect the energy emitted by the reader and, thus, identifies the object it is
attached to. The tags are primarily used to make objects communicate with each other and
the main hub, and report their status.
 Sensor-enabled, battery-powered RFID tags create and send metrics in real-time and
expand capabilities of the connected devices.
 Used in tracking - With RFID wearables.
 RFIDs can be attached to products, enabling tracking of inventory, which in turn leads to
better stock management.
4.Bluetooth and BLE
 Bluetooth is a short-range communication technology

 Bluetooth Classic was originally intended for point-to-point or point-to-multipoint (up to
seven slave nodes) data exchange among consumer devices.
 Optimized for power consumption - Bluetooth Low-Energy.
 BLE- enabled devices are mostly used in conjunction with electronic devices typically
smartphones that serve as a hub for transferring data to the cloud.
 BLE is widely integrated into fitness and medical wearables (e.g. smartwatches, glucose
meters, pulse oximeters, etc.) as well as Smart Home devices (e.g. door locks) – whereby
data is conveniently communicated to and visualized on smartphones
5.WI-FI
 It operates at either 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz.
 Most routers offer a maximum range of 100 meters.
 high-throughput data transfer
 In the IoT space, it has major limitations in coverage, scalability and power consumption
making the technology much less prevalent.
 Imposing high energy requirements, Wi-Fi is often not a feasible solution for large networks of
battery-operated IoT sensors,
 However, the new Wi-Fi- 6,offers a greater enhanced bandwidth of up to <9.6Gbps to improve
data throughput per user in congested environments or networks.
6.Zigbee
 It is a short-range, low-power technology
 commonly deployed in mesh topology to extend coverage by relaying sensor data over
multiple sensor nodes.
 Compared to LPWAN, it provides higher data rates as well as providing less power
efficiency due to the mesh configuration.
 Because of its short ranges, it is best suited for medium-range IoT applications with an
even distribution of nodes in close proximity.
 Zigbee is a perfect complement to Wi-fi for various home automations uses.
WPAN TECHNOLOGY
 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) also termed a Personal Area Network that
connects devices to the network within a shorter distance.
 This communicates with the devices within one’s personal space at a lower cost.
 Devices can be of any type as laptop, Mobiles, sensors, barcode reader, printers, speakers,
etc. that supports PAN features.
 Both wired and wireless PAN can be set up based on the user's needs, wired connection
needs USB configurations, and Bluetooth, IrDA (infrared), Wi-Fi, Z-wave, etc. are needed
for wireless setup.
IEEE 802.15.4
 IEEE 802.15.4 is a wireless networking technology provides the technical specifications
for low-power, low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs).
 It allows networked devices to communicate with one another in a variety of industrial and
commercial settings, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, smart energy, home
automation, and more.
 It is known for its low power consumption, extended battery life, mesh networking
capabilities, and cost-effectiveness.
 This RF-based technology operates on various frequencies (2.4 GHz band)
 Data transmission rates up to a maximum of 250 kbps.
 IEEE 802.15.4 also offers robust network security using encryption methods like
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to ensure secure communication between connected
devices within a PAN ecosystem.
Types of devices
 IEEE 802.15.4 technology includes various types of devices that can be used for wireless
communication and networking.
 Coordinator − This device is responsible for initiating the PAN (Personal Area Network) and
managing the network.
 Full Function Device (FFD) − This device has the ability to act as a coordinator or a router, and
can also host other devices.
 Reduced Function Device (RFD) − A device that can only communicate with FFDs, but not
capable of hosting other devices or working as a coordinator.
 Sensor Node − This device includes sensor modules for monitoring physical parameters such as
temperature, humidity, pressure, etc., and transmit data wirelessly to the receiver.
 Actuator Node − This device receives information sent by the controller node and performs
actions accordingly to control actuators such as motors, pumps, valves, etc.
 Gateway Node − A bridge between different networks to exchange data using different protocols
such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet.
 Repeater Node − A device that retransmits data packets from one node to another in order to
extend the range of network coverage.
Architecture
 Consists of three layers, including the physical layer, media access control (MAC) layer,
and networking layer.
 The physical layer (PHY) provides the data transmission service.
 It also, provides an interface to the physical layer management entity, which offers access to every
physical layer management function and maintains a database of information on related personal area
networks.
 The PHY manages the physical radio transceiver, performs channel selection along with energy and
signal management functions.
 It operates on one of three possible unlicensed frequency bands:
 868.0–868.6 MHz: Europe, allows one communication channel (2003, 2006, 2011)
 902–928 MHz: North America, originally allowed up to ten channels (2003), but since has been extended to
thirty (2006)
 2400–2483.5 MHz: worldwide use, up to sixteen channels (2003, 2006)
 The medium access control (MAC) enables the transmission of MAC frames through the use of the
physical channel. Besides the data service, it offers a management interface and itself manages access
to the physical channel and network beaconing.
 It also controls frame validation, guarantees time slots and handles node associations. Finally, it offers
hook points for secure services.
 No higher-level layers or interoperability sublayers are defined in the standard. Other specifications
Applications
 IEEE 802.15.4 technology offers benefits such as low power consumption and extended
battery life, low cost and simple implementation, limited data transmission rate, and limited
range and interference.
 Low Power Consumption and Extended Battery Life
 Low Cost and Simple Implementation
 Limited Data Transmission Rate
 Limited Range and Interference

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Wireless Technologies for IoT

1.Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)

 Bluetooth is a short-range communication technology

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