3.2 Measures of Dispersion (Ungrouped)

Section 3.
2 Measures of dispersion (Ungrouped data)
The measures of center, such as mean, median, and the mode, do not reveal the
whole picture of the distribution of a data set. Two data sets with the same mean
may have completely different dispersion.
In this section we are going to present measures that will tell us how the
data set spread a round the mean.
 Example
Consider the following two data sets on the ages of some workers of two small companies:
Company 1: 47 38 35 40 36 45 39
Company 2: 70 33 18 52 27
The means age of workers of both these companies are the same.
47  38  ...  39
Company 1: x1   40 years
7
70  33  18  52  27
Company 2: x2   40 years
5
The following figure shows that, the ages of the of the workers at company 2 have a much larger variation
than the ages of the workers at company 1.
Company 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Company 2
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
 The range
 Simplest measure of dispersion (Variation)

 Difference between the largest and the smallest values:
Range = Maximum value – minimum value
1, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8, 8 , 8, 9, 11, 11, 12, 13

 Example
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Range = 13 - 1 = 12
 Example Find the range of the following data.
State Total area The range = 267277 – 49651 = 217626

(miles squared)
Arkansas 53182
Louisiana 49651
Oklahoma 69903
Texas 267277
Why the Range Can Be Misleading?
1. Ignores the way in which data are distributed
7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 10 11 12
Range = 12 - 7 = 5 Range = 12 - 7 = 5
2. Calculations depends on only two values.
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,5
Range = 5 - 1 = 4
3. Sensitive to outliers [affected by the outliers] (nonresistant)
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,120
Range = 120 - 1 = 119
2. Variance is the deviation of x about .
=
ation
pul
Po The population variance () is the
mean of the squared deviations of x
Variance values about the mean ().
Sam
p le
2
𝑠 =
∑ ( 𝑥 − 𝑥)
2
The sample variance () is not the
mean of the squared deviations of x
𝑛 −1 values about the mean (). Because
we divides over (n - 1)
Where is the population mean. is the population variance.

is the sample mean. Is the sample variance.
N the population size.
n is the sample size.
7–3=4
1 – 6 = -5
deviation of x about
2 3 4 5 6 7
 Remark
The sum of all deviations of x values from the mean is always equal 0.
and .
But the sum of square of all deviations of x values from the mean greater than or
equal zero.
and .
 Example Suppose the scores of a sample of four students are 82, 95, 67, and 92,
respectively. Find the variance.
. Scores x
82 82 – 84 = -2 4
95 95 – 84 = 11 121
67 67 – 84 = -17 289
92 92 – 84 = 8 64
Scores x
82 = 6724
95 = 9025
67 = 4489
92 = 8464
= = 159.33
3. Standard deviation
= =
l ation
Standard Popu
deviation
Sam
p le
=
Where is the population mean. is the population standard deviation.

is the sample mean. s Is the sample standard deviation.
N the population size.
n is the sample size.
 Short-Cut Formulas 𝟐
(∑ 𝒙 )
𝟐
∑ (𝒙 ¿¿ 𝟐)−
𝑵
ation 𝝈 = ¿
l 𝑵
Popu
Variance
Sam 𝟐
p le ( ∑ 𝒙)
∑ ( 𝒙¿¿ 𝟐)− 𝒏
𝒔 𝟐= ¿
𝒏− 𝟏
=
ation
l
Standard Popu
deviation
Sam
p le
 Example Find the Range, and variance and standard deviation of the following data of six airlines
baggage fee in USA for the year 2010.
Airlines Baggage fee X

United 313
313 = 97969
Continental 342
342 =116964
American 581
581 = 337561
Delta 952
US airways 514 952 =906304
Airtran 152 514 =264196

152 =23104
Range = 952 – 152 = 800

Use the variance formula
  x
2
 2854 
2
x 2

n
1746098 
6
S2  
n 1 6 1
1746098  1357552.667
S 
2
 77709.6666
5
Use the Standard deviation formula
S  77709.6666  278.76
 Example
The following are the earnings before taxes for all six employees of a small company (in thousands $): 88.5 108.4 65.5 52.5
79.8 54.6. Calculate the variance and standard deviation.
88.5 7832.25
108.4 11750.56
65.5 4290.25
52.5 2756.25
79.8 6368.04
54.6 2981.16
The given data is population, then we have:
Use the variance formula

  x
2
 449.3
2
x 2

N
35978.51 
6
2  
N 6
35978.51  33645.08
 
2
 388.9
6
Use the Standard deviation formula

  388.9  19.721
  $ 19721

3.2 Measures of Dispersion (Ungrouped)

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3.2 Measures of Dispersion (Ungrouped)

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Section 3.

2 Measures of dispersion (Ungrouped data)

 Simplest measure of dispersion (Variation)

Range = Maximum value – minimum value

1, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8, 8 , 8, 9, 11, 11, 12, 13

State Total area The range = 267277 – 49651 = 217626

1. Ignores the way in which data are distributed

2. Calculations depends on only two values.

3. Sensitive to outliers [affected by the outliers] (nonresistant)

Where is the population mean. is the population variance.

Where is the population mean. is the population standard deviation.

Airlines Baggage fee X

Airtran 152 514 =264196

Range = 952 – 152 = 800

Use the variance formula

Use the Standard deviation formula

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