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    Chapt 1 Introduction To Cognitive Psych

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    Nelsy Rosas
    The chapter introduces cognitive psychology and its key methods and theoretical underpinnings. It discusses how cognitive psychology has evolved from its philosophical roots and the contributions of figures such as Hebb, Chomsky, and Tolman. Experimental methods, self-reports, case studies and computer simulations are presented as common cognitive research methods.

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    Chapt 1 Introduction To Cognitive Psych

    Uploaded by

    Nelsy Rosas
    2 views23 pages
    The chapter introduces cognitive psychology and its key methods and theoretical underpinnings. It discusses how cognitive psychology has evolved from its philosophical roots and the contributions of figures such as Hebb, Chomsky, and Tolman. Experimental methods, self-reports, case studies and computer simulations are presented as common cognitive research methods.

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    The chapter introduces cognitive psychology and its key methods and theoretical underpinnings. It discusses how cognitive psychology has evolved from its philosophical roots and the contributions of figures such as Hebb, Chomsky, and Tolman. Experimental methods, self-reports, case studies and computer simulations are presented as common cognitive research methods.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2 views23 pages

    Chapt 1 Introduction To Cognitive Psych

    Uploaded by

    Nelsy Rosas
    The chapter introduces cognitive psychology and its key methods and theoretical underpinnings. It discusses how cognitive psychology has evolved from its philosophical roots and the contributions of figures such as Hebb, Chomsky, and Tolman. Experimental methods, self-reports, case studies and computer simulations are presented as common cognitive research methods.

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    You are on page 1of 23

    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J.

    Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Chapter 1: Introduction
    to Cognitive
    Psychology
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Cognitive Psychology Is…


    • The study of how people perceive,
    learn, remember, and think about
    information.
    Solvin
    Problem Decisio
    Memor
    g n
    y
    Attention Making
    Reading
    Language
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Dialectic Progression of Ideas: Hegel

    Thesis flaws/alt Antithesis


    idea

    Synthesis:
    best of both

    New Thesis flaws/alt


    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Philosophical Roots
    Rationalist
    Logic &
    reasoning is key

    Empiricist
    Experience & observation
    is key
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Rationalism Empiricism
    (Descartes) (Locke)

    Synthesis:

    Both have a role (Kant)


    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Functionalism
    Structuralism
    (James) led to
    (Titchener)
    Pragmatists

    Synthesis:
    Associationism
    (Ebbinghaus &
    Thorndike)
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Associationism Behaviorism
    (Thorndike) (Pavlov)

    Synthesis:
    Extreme form of
    Behaviorism took hold.
    Psychology should study
    only observable
    behavior (Watson &
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Less radical
    Behaviorism Behaviorist
    Dominated Cognitive Map
    until…. (Tolman)

    Synthesis:
    Cognitions should
    play an active role in
    psychology (Gestalt,
    Bandura)
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Contributions to Cognitive Psychology


    • Hebb & Lashley emphasize how
    cognition could be explained by
    neuroscience.
    • Chompsky’s review of Skinner’s
    Verbal Behavior: “reductio ad
    absurdum”
    • Development of Computers and
    Artificial Intelligence
    • These developments led to the
    “cognitive revolution” and increased
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Cognitive Methods
    • Experiments
    • Psychobiological studies
    • Self report
    • Case studies
    • Naturalistic Observation
    • Computer Simulations
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    In an Experiment…
    • Random sample of participants
    • Manipulate the Independent Variable
    – Create experimental group
    – Create control group
    – Randomly assign participants
    • Measure the Dependent Variable
    – Same for all groups
    • Control all other variables
    – Prevent confounds
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Typical Independent Variables

    • Manipulate stimulus materials


    – Compare words to non-words
    – Compare color diagrams to black and
    white
    – Compare Yes questions to No questions
    • Control how participants process
    materials
    – Use imagery to study versus repetition
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Typical Dependent Variables

    • Reaction Time (milliseconds)


    – Mental events take time

    • Accuracy/Error analysis
    – How well the participant does on a task
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Psychobiological Studies

    • Postmortem studies
    – Examine the cortex of dyslexics after death
    • Brain damaged individuals and their
    deficits
    – Study amnesiacs with hippocampus damage
    • Monitor a participant doing a cognitive task
    – Measure brain activity while a participant is
    reciting a poem
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Self Report Studies


    • Verbal Protocol
    – Participants describe their conscious
    thoughts while solving a story
    problem
    • Diary Study
    – Participants keep track of memory
    failures
    • Naturalistic Observation
    – Monitor decision making of pilots
    during flights
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Case Studies
    • Intensive studies of individuals
    – May examine archival records,
    interviews, direct
    observation, or participant-
    observations
    •Creativity of successful individuals
    • The deficits of a neglected child
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Computers in
    Research
    •
    Analogy for
    The sequence of symbol
    –human Cognition
    manipulation that underlies
    thinking
    – The goal: discovery of the
    programs in humans’ memory
    • Computer simulations
    of Artificial Intelligence
    – Recreate human processes
    using computers
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Underlying Themes
    • Nature vs. Nurture
    • Rationalism vs. Empiricism
    • Structures vs. Processes
    • Domain Generality vs. Domain Specificity
    • Causal Inferences vs. Ecological validity
    • Applied vs. Basic Research
    • Biological vs. Behavioral Methods
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Key Ideas in Cognitive…


    Data can only be fully explained with
    theories, and theories are insufficient
    without data – thus creating the cycle of
    science.

    Theor

    y Data
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Key Ideas in Cognitive…

    • Cognition is typically adaptive, but


    errors made can be informative.
    – Example- Spoonerisms:
    •A lack of pies (A pack of lies)
    •It's roaring with pain (It's pouring with rain)
    – Errors can be used to infer how
    speech production occurs.
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Key Ideas in Cognitive…

    • Cognitive processes interact with each


    other and with non-cognitive processes
    – Emotions may affect decisions
    – Working memory capacity contributes to
    reading speed
    – Perception contributes to memory
    decisions
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Key Ideas in Cognitive…

    • Many different methods are used to


    study cognition
    – Experiments
    – Individual differences
    – Case studies
    – Clinical studies
    Cognitive Psychology, Fourth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg
    Chapter 1

    Key Ideas in Cognitive…


    • Basic research often leads to important
    applications and applied research often
    contributes to a more basic
    understanding of cognition
    – Priming is explained by spreading activation
    in memory, and can also explain why
    skilled readers may read faster
    – Studying the common errors that 1st graders
    make in math class can help us to better
    understand how humans process
    mathematical information

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