Ppt presentation on

Refrigeration
Department : Mechanical Engineering
year : 2023-24

prepared by
1) Prashant Shivaji Kuwar (3402)
2) Swapnil Manoj Chaudhari (3403)
3) Darshan vasant khairnar (3406)
4) Latesh bhagwan Patel (3408)
5) pruthviraj pravin patil (3409)
REFRIGERATION
 REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS

The transfer of heat from a low-temperature

region to a high-temperature one requires
special devices called refrigerators.
Another device that transfers heat from a
low-temperature medium to a high-
temperature one is the heat pump.
Refrigerators and heat pumps are essentially
the same devices; they differ in their
objectives only.

The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat

for fixed values of
(QL) from the cold medium; the objective of a heat
QL and QH
pump is to supply heat (QH) to a warm medium.
 Refrigeration Cycle

In refrigeration system the heat is
being generally pumped from low
level to higher one & rejected at
that temp.
This rejection of heat from low level to
higher level of temp. can only be
performed with the help of external
work according to second law of
thermodynamics.
 

The total amount of heat being rejected to

the outside body consist of two parts:-

- the heat extracted from the body to be

cooled .

- the heat equivalent to the mechanical

work required for extracting it.
 Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
► Most common refrigeration cycle in use today
► There are four principal control volumes involving these
components:
► Evaporator
► Compressor
► Condenser
► Expansion valve
Two-phase
liquid-vapor mixture

All energy transfers by work and heat are taken as positive in

the directions of the arrows on the schematic and energy
balances are written accordingly.
 Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
► Engineering model:

►Each component is analyzed as a control volume at steady state

►Dry compression is presumed: the refrigerant is a vapor

► The compressor operates adiabatically

► The refrigerant expanding through the valve undergoes a

throttling process
► Kinetic and potential energy changes are ignored
► The processes of this cycle are

Process 4-1: two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of

refrigerant is evaporated through heat transfer
from the refrigerated space

Process 1-2: vapor refrigerant is compressed to a

relatively high temperature and pressure
requiring work input

Process 2-3: vapor refrigerant condenses to

liquid through heat transfer to the cooler Two-phase
liquid-vapor mixture
surroundings

Process 3-4: liquid refrigerant expands to the

evaporator pressure.
Vapour compression cycle
Vapour compression cycle


3
Condenser
High
4 Pressure
Side

Expansion
Device Compressor

2 Low
1
Pressure
Side
Evaporator
Vapour compression cycle


Condenser
3

High
4 Pressure
Side

Expansion
Device Compressor

2 Low
1
Pressure
Side
Evaporator
 Vapour compression cycle
The superheated vapour enters the
compressor where its pressure is
raised 
3
Condenser
High
4 Pressure
Side
Expansion
Device Compressor

1 2 Low
Pressure
Evaporator Side
 Vapour compression cycle
Low pressure liquid refrigerant in
evaporator absorbs heat and
changes to a gas 
3
Condenser
High
4 Pressure
Side
Expansion
Device Compressor

1 2 Low
Pressure
Evaporator Side
20
 Vapour compression cycle
The high pressure superheated gas
is cooled in several stages in the
condenser

3
Condenser
High
4 Pressure
Side
Expansion
Device Compressor

1 2 Low
Pressure
Evaporator Side
 Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

► Applying mass and energy rate balances

Evaporator Q
in  h1  h4
m

 The term Q is referred to as the refrigeration capacity, expressed
 SI unit system or Btu/h in the English unit system
in kW in the
i

n
 A common alternate unit is the ton of refrigeration which equals
200 Btu/min or about 211 kJ/min.
 Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
Compressor
Assuming adiabatic compression W  h2  h1


Q o
c
Condenser
 h2  h3
ut
m
m


Expansion valve h4  h3
Assuming a throttling process
Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

► Performance parameters
► Coefficient of Performance (COP)

► Carnot Coefficient of Performance

This equation represents the maximum theoretical coefficient of

performance of any refrigeration cycle operating between cold
and hot regions at TC and TH, respectively.
 p-h Diagram
► The pressure-enthalpy (p-h) diagram is a thermodynamic property
diagram commonly used in the refrigeration field.
Vapour compression cycle


Different Vapor Compression Refrigeration
System
If output of compressor is dry saturated vapor,

22
If output of compressor is superheated vapor,

23
If output of compressor is wet vapor,

24
If input of compressor is superheated vapor,

25
If output of condenser is sub cooled liquid ,

26
Factors affecting COP of VCR
System
Effect of suction ( evaporation ) pressure :-
◦ Pressure decrease ↓
◦ Specific volume of vapor increase ↑
◦ Work required increase ↑
◦ Refrigerating effect decrease ↓
◦ Hence, COP decrease ↓

Effect of discharge ( condenser ) pressure :-

◦ Pressure increase ↑
◦ Work required increase ↑
◦ Refrigerating effect decrease ↓
◦ Hence, COP decrease ↓

27
Effect of evaporator &
condenser temperature :-
◦ Evaporator temp. decreases ↓
◦ Condenser temperature increases ↑
◦ Work required increase ↑↑
◦ Refrigerating effect decrease ↓↓
◦ Hence, COP decrease ↓

Effect of Superheated vapor after evaporation :-

◦ Specific volume of vapor increase ↑
◦ Refrigerating capacity decreases ↓
◦ Work required increase ↑
◦ Refrigerating effect decrease ↓
◦ Hence, COP decrease ↓ 28
Effect of sub cooling :-
◦ Refrigerating effect increase ↑
◦ Hence, COP increase ↑

29
 Selecting Refrigerants
►Refrigerant selection is based on several factors:

►Performance: provides adequate cooling capacity cost-

effectively

► Safety: avoids hazards (i.e., toxicity)

► Environmental impact: minimizes harm to stratospheric

ozone layer and reduces negative impact to global
climate change
 Refrigerant Types and Characteristics

Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a simplified index that estimates the potential
future influence on global warming associated with different gases when released
to the atmosphere.
 Refrigerant Types and Characteristics
►Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs) are early synthetic refrigerants each containing chlorine.
Because of the adverse effect of chlorine on Earth’s stratospheric
ozone layer, use of these refrigerants is regulated by international
agreement.
►Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and HFC blends are chlorine-free
refrigerants. Blends combine two or more HFCs. While these
chlorine-free refrigerants do not contribute to ozone depletion, with
the exception of R-1234yf, they have high GWP levels.
►Natural refrigerants are nonsynthetic, naturally occurring
substances which serve as refrigerants. These include carbon
dioxide, ammonia, and hydrocarbons. These refrigerants feature
low GWP values; still, concerns have been raised over the toxicity
of NH3 and the safety of the hydrocarbons.
 Features of Actual Vapor-Compression Cycle
► Heat transfers between refrigerant and cold and warm
regions are not reversible.
► Refrigerant temperature in
evaporator is less than TC

► Refrigerant temperature in
condenser is greater than TH

► Irreversible heat transfers

have negative effect on
performance.
 Features of
Actual Vapor-Compression Cycle
► The COP decreases – primarily due to increasing compressor
work input – as the
► temperature of the refrigerant passing through the evaporator
is reduced relative to the temperature of the cold
region, TC. Trefrigerant ↑
temperature of the refrigerant
passing through the condenser
is increased
relative to the temperature of the warm
region, TH.
Trefrigerant ↓
► Irreversibilities during the compression process are
suggested by dashed line from state 1 to state 2.
► An increase in specific
entropy accompanies an
adiabatic irreversible
compression process.
► The work input for
compression process 1-2 is
greater than for the
counterpart isentropic
compression process 1-2s.
► Since process 4-1, and thus the refrigeration capacity,
is the same for cycles 1-2-3-4-1 and 1-2s-3-4-1, cycle
1-2-3-4-1 has the lower COP.
 Isentropic Compressor Efficiency
► The isentropic compressor efficiency is the ratio of
the minimum theoretical work input to the actual
work input, each per unit of mass flowing:
work required in an isentropic
compression from compressor inlet
state to the exit pressure

(Eq. 6.48)

work required in an actual

compression from compressor
inlet state to exit pressure