INTRO

MANAGEMENT202
Good Governance and
Social Responsibility

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Doc Leo

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 GOVERNANCE and GOOD
GOVERNANCE
“GOVERNANCE" means: the process of decision-
making and the process by which decisions are
implemented (or not implemented).
Governance can be used in several contexts such as
corporate governance, international governance,
national governance and local governance.

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 GOVERNANCE and GOOD
GOVERNANCE
 The concept of "governance" is not new.
 It is as old as civilization.
 Throughout history, people have developed
different forms of government, or ruling authority.

Three types of government common today. ??

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GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
Three types of government common today.
1.Monarchy is a government in which a king or queen
serves as head of state.
2.Democracy is a government in which the people
decide what kind of society they will have and what
laws and services they want.
3.Dictatorship is a government in which one person
decides how the government functions and what the
laws are.
Each of these basic forms of government has
variations. 5
GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
MONARCHY.
A form of government in which a person, (called the
monarch), is the head of state for life or until
abdication.
The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch
may vary from restricted and largely symbolic
(constitutional monarchy), to fully autocratic (absolute
monarchy), and can span across executive, legislative,
and judicial domains

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GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
FIVE TYPES of MONARCHY.
1. Absolute Monarchy. The monarch is both the head of
the state and the head of the government. His power is
NOT governed by the constitution or by any law.
Example: Bahrain, Brunei, Oman, Saudi Arabia.
2. Constitutional Monarchy. Also called limited
monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic
monarchy. The monarch exercises his authority in
accordance with a constitution and is not alone in
making decisions. Examples: UK, Aus, Canada, Spain,
Thailand, Japan etc
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GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
TYPES of MONARCHY.
3. Diarchy. Also called co-rule is a form of government
characterized with two people ruling a polity together
either lawfully (de jure) or de facto, by collusion and
force. The leaders of such a system are usually known
as. corulers. Examples: Modern examples of diarchies
are Andorra, (in Europe) whose princes are the
President of France and the Bishop of Urgell in
Catalonia; and San Marino, whose republic is led by
two Captains Regent.

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GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
TYPES of MONARCHY.
4. Elective Monarchy. A monarchy ruled by a monarch who is
elected. The manner of election, the nature of candidate
qualifications, and the electors vary from case to case.
Examples: Cambodia, Malaysia, Holy See, UAE.
5. Hereditary monarchy. A form of government in which the
throne passes from one member of a ruling family to another
member of the same family (succession of power). A series of
rulers from the same family would constitute a dynasty. It is
historically the most common type of monarchy and remains
the dominant form in extant monarchies. Examples: United
Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, and Japan.
GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
TYPES of MONARCHY.
Absolute Monarchy. King Salman of KSA, since 2015.

Constitutional Monarchy. King Charles III, since 2022.

Inherited the throne from his mother
Queen Elizabeth II.
GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
TYPES of MONARCHY.
Diarchy. The President of France, Emmanuel Macron,
serves as Co-Prince of Andorra.
The current prime minister
is Xavier Espot Zamora of
the Democrats for Andorra
(DA)

Elective Monarchy. Hun Manet. PM of

Cambodia. .
GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
TYPES of MONARCHY.
Fernando Vérgez Alzaga. The
President of the Pontifical Commission
for Vatican City State and President of
the Governorate of Vatican City State
since 1 October 2021.

Hereditary monarchy. PM Hon Rishi Sunak

since 2022 of the United Kingdom
GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
DEMOCRACY.
•Started in Greece in about 500 BC.
•All male citizens could help govern.
•This was a form of direct democracy, in which each citizen
voted on policies and laws.
•However, a large portion of the population had no rights.
Women, slaves, and non-Greeks could not take part in
government.
•Democracy became a common form of government in the
1700s, when people in Europe started to push for greater
freedom, resulting to constitutional monarchies which set the
stage for the first modern democracies.
GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
DEMOCRACY. According to the Museum of Australian
Democracy, all liberal democracies are based upon four main
principles:
1. A belief in the individual: since the individual is believed to
be both moral and rational
2. A belief in reason and progress: based on the belief that
growth and development is the natural condition of mankind
and politics the art of compromise
3. A belief in a society that is consensual: based on a desire for
order and cooperation not disorder and conflict
4. A belief in shared power: based on a suspicion of
concentrated power (whether by individuals, groups or
governments)
GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
The Democracy Index. An annual report compiled by the
Economist Intelligence Unit. The index measures the state of
democracy in 167 of the world's countries by tracking 60
indicators in five different categories: electoral process and
pluralism, functioning of government, political participation,
political culture, and civil liberties.
DI score between 8.01 and 10 (out of 10) are considered full
democracies.
Score between 6.01 and 8.00 are classified as flawed
democracies. While these countries have free and fair
elections and basic civil liberties, there are faults in other
aspects, such as low levels of participation in politics or an
underdeveloped (or heavily partisan) political culture.
GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
The Democracy Index.
Spain 8.07
South Korea 8.03
Czech Republic 7.97
Greece 7.97
Estonia 7.96
Portugal 7.95
Israel 7.93
United States of America 7.85
Slovenia 7.75
Botswana 7.73
Philippines 6.73 Rank 52
GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
Dictatorship.
a government ruled by one person or by a small group that
has absolute power.
The dictator determines the laws and holds power over
everyone in the country.
Dictators often come to power by force or by misleading the
people. Adolf Hitler of Germany and Idi Amin of Uganda
were dictators.
Dictators maintain power through intimidation,
imprisonment, violence, or assassination, leading to low
freedom levels and loss of personal autonomy and political
choice.
GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE
Dictatorship.
•President Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai of Afghanistan
•President Abdelmadjid Tebboune of Algeria
•President João Lourenço of Angola
•King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa of Bahrain
•Sheikh Hasina of Bangladesh
•Sultan Haji Waddaulah of Brunei
•Prime Minister Hun Sen of Cambodia
•President Faustin Archange Touadera of the Central African Republic
•President Xi Jinping of China
•President Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo
•President Miguel Diaz-Canel of Cuba
•President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi of Egypt
GOVERNANCE and GOOD GOVERNANCE

GOOD GOVERNANCE
GOOD GOVERNANCE
 has 8 major characteristics namely: participatory,
consensus oriented, accountable, transparent,
responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and
inclusive and follows the rule of law.
 assures that corruption is minimized,
the views of minorities are taken into account and that
the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard
in decision-making.
 It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Characteristics of good governance. 1. Participation.
by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good
governance.
could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate
institutions or representatives.
It is important to point out that representative democracy
does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most
vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in
decision making.
needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of
association and expression on the one hand and an organized
civil society on the other hand.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Characteristics of good governance. 2. Rule of law
Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are
enforced impartially.
It also requires full protection of human rights,
particularly those of minorities.
Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent
judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Characteristics of good governance. 3. Transparency.
Transparency means that decisions taken and their
enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and
regulations.
It also means that information is freely available and
directly accessible to those who will be affected by such
decisions and their enforcement.
It also means that enough information is provided and
that it is provided in easily understandable forms and
media.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Characteristics of good governance. 4. Responsiveness.
Good governance requires that institutions and processes
try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable
timeframe. institutional stakeholders.
Accountability. Who is accountable to whom varies
depending on whether decisions or actions taken are
internal or external to an organization or institution.
In general an organization or an institution is
accountable to those who will be affected by its
decisions or actions.
Accountability cannot be enforced without
transparency and the rule of law.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Characteristics of good governance. 4. Responsiveness.
Good governance requires that institutions and processes
try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable
timeframe. institutional stakeholders.
Accountability. Who is accountable to whom varies
depending on whether decisions or actions taken are
internal or external to an organization or institution.
In general an organization or an institution is
accountable to those who will be affected by its
decisions or actions.
Accountability cannot be enforced without
transparency and the rule of law.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Characteristics of good governance. 5. Consensus
oriented. Since there are several actors and as many view
points in a given society,
Good governance requires mediation of the different interests
in society to reach a broad consensus in society
on what is in the best interest of the whole community and
how this can be achieved.
It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is
needed for sustainable human development and how to
achieve the goals of such development.
This can only result from an understanding of the
historical, cultural and social contexts of a given
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Characteristics of good governance. 6. Equity and
inclusiveness
A society’s well being depends on ensuring that all its
members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel
excluded from the mainstream of society.
This requires all groups, but particularly the most
vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain
their well being.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Characteristics of good governance. 7. Effectiveness and
efficiency.
Good governance means that processes and institutions
produce results that meet the needs of society while
making the best use of resources at their disposal.
The concept of efficiency in the context of good
governance also covers the sustainable use of natural
resources and the protection of the environment.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Characteristics of good governance. 8. Accountability
Accountability is a key requirement of good governance.
Not only governmental institutions but also the private
sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to
the public and to their institutional stakeholders.
Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether
decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an
organization or institution. In general an organization or an
institution is accountable to those who will be affected by
its decisions or actions.
Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency
and the rule of law.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Social responsibility
is an ethical theory in which individuals are
accountable for fulfilling their civic duty, and the
actions of an individual must benefit the whole of
society.
there must be a balance between economic growth,
the welfare of people, and the environment.
If this equilibrium is maintained, then social
responsibility is accomplished.
Good Governance and Social responsibility
Both good governance and social responsibility should be
built on a system of ethics and morality.
Decisions and actions must be ethically validated
before proceeding.
If the action or decision causes harm to society or the
environment, then it would be considered to be
socially irresponsible.
The advancement of ethics and moral values in good
governance suggests legality of government action, rationality
in policy and decision making, evolving a sense of
responsibility, ensuring accountability, strengthening work
commitment, creating excellence, facilitating spirit of
individual and organizational goals, ...
Good Governance and Social responsibility
Moral values that are inherent in society create a
distinction between right and wrong. In this way, social
fairness is believed (by most) to be in the “right”, but more
frequently than not this “fairness” is absent.
Every individual has a responsibility to act in manner that
is beneficial to society and not solely to the individual.